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In 1946, Aboriginal pastoral workers in Western Australia's Pilbara region walked off their jobs in a coordinated strike that lasted for years. This episode explores the strike's origins in the exploitative pastoral station system, the role of key figures like Don McLeod and Clancy McKenna, and the strike's innovative use of cooperative mining to sustain the strike. We look at how the strike challenged colonial labor structures and contributed to the broader Aboriginal rights movement. Names like the Nyamal people, Port Hedland, and the Aboriginal Pastoral Workers' Union feature prominently. The strike's legacy is still felt today in ongoing struggles for land rights and economic independence.#PilbaraStrike #DonMcLeod #ClancyMcKenna #Nyamal #AboriginalRights #PastoralWorkers #WesternAustralia #PortHedland #CooperativeMining #1946 #ColonialLabor #Strike #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Oceania #IndigenousRightsKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1894, Dr. Walter Roth, a British surgeon turned Northern Protector of Aboriginals, submitted a report to the Queensland government that laid bare the exploitative labor practices on frontier cattle stations and pearl fisheries. Roth documented how Aboriginal workers were recruited under deceptive contracts, paid in rations instead of wages, and subjected to flogging for dissent. His findings led to the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, which paradoxically gave police and protectors sweeping powers to control every aspect of Indigenous life—from movement to marriage to property. This episode unpacks Roth's report, the grim conditions it exposed, and the double-edged sword of 'protective' legislation that confined the very people it claimed to shield. We follow the story of a single document's journey from quiet bureaucratic circulation to becoming the framework for Queensland's notorious reserve system, and how Roth himself—a collector of Aboriginal artifacts and languages—embodied the contradictions of the colonial ethnographer. Featuring the voices of the Kalkadoon people from the Mount Isa region and the maritime Kaurareg of the Torres Strait, this is a deep dive into the machinery of administrative cruelty.#WalterRoth #Queensland #AboriginalProtectionAct #NorthernProtector #Kalkadoon #Kaurareg #PearlFishing #FrontierLabor #StolenWages #ColonialPolicy #ReserveSystem #1890s #AboriginalHistory #ColonialAustralia #History #FexingoHistory #Australia #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In August 1928, a series of punitive expeditions in the remote Central Australian desert left dozens of Aboriginal men, women, and children dead. The Coniston Massacre — named after a nearby cattle station — is one of the bloodiest frontier conflicts in Australian history, yet it remained largely hidden from public view for decades. This episode explores the events that sparked the killings, the role of constable William George Murray and his posse, the controversial Board of Inquiry that followed, and the legacy of silence that surrounded the massacre. We'll examine the tensions between pastoralists and the Warlpiri and Anmatyerre people, the impact of drought and dispossession, and how the massacre fits into the broader pattern of colonial violence in the Northern Territory. Through survivor testimonies and historical records, we piece together what happened at places like Yurrkuru, Janganpa, and Kunayungku. This is a story of frontier justice — or the lack of it — and a reminder that Australia's violent past is not as distant as we might think.#ConistonMassacre #Warlpiri #Anmatyerre #WilliamGeorgeMurray #FrontierViolence #NorthernTerritory #AustralianHistory #PunitiveExpedition #Yurrkuru #Janganpa #Kunayungku #ColonialAustralia #AboriginalHistory #1928 #BoardOfInquiry #CentralDesert #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1992, the Australian High Court handed down a ruling that shattered the legal foundation of the British colonisation of Australia: the doctrine of terra nullius, or 'land belonging to no one'. This episode dives into the Mabo v Queensland (No 2) case, named for Eddie Koiki Mabo, a Meriam man from the Torres Strait island of Mer. We trace Mabo's journey from his childhood on Mer, through his work as a gardener and activist in Townsville, to the ten-year legal battle led by barrister Bryan Keon-Cohen and historian Noel Loos. The case relied on evidence of continuous Meriam connection to land: gardens, clan boundaries, and the Malo-Bomai law. We unpack the court's split decision, the concept of native title it established, and the immediate fallout: the Wik decision, the Native Title Act 1993, and the ongoing struggle for recognition. This is the story of how one man's name became synonymous with Aboriginal land rights and a legal revolution.#Mabo #EddieKoikiMabo #TerraNullius #NativeTitle #Meriam #TorresStrait #HighCourt #BryanKeonCohen #NoelLoos #MaboDecision #WikDecision #NativeTitleAct #AboriginalLandRights #Australia #History #FexingoHistory #LandRights #ColonialLawKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In Episode 87 of The Story of Australia, Lucas and Luna explore the early Aboriginal resistance movement led by Pemulwuy, a Bidjigal warrior who organized a guerrilla campaign against British settlers in the Sydney region from 1788 to 1802. They discuss the context of the Eora and Dharug nations, the impact of smallpox, and the series of raids and killings that marked the frontier conflict. The episode covers the 1790 spearing of Governor Phillip's gamekeeper, the 1797 Battle of Parramatta, and Pemulwuy's eventual death. It also touches on the government's response, including orders for his head to be sent to England, and the legacy of his resistance. This episode picks up where earlier episodes on Pennemiser and the Hawkesbury left off, offering a broader view of early colonial conflict.#Pemulwuy #Bidjigal #EoraNation #Dharug #AboriginalResistance #FrontierConflict #BattleOfParramatta #GovernorPhillip #Smallpox #GuerrillaWarfare #SydneyHistory #1788 #ColonialAustralia #FirstNations #IndigenousHistory #FexingoHistory #History #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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On January 26, 1938, as Sydney celebrated 150 years of British colonization, a group of Aboriginal activists gathered in the Australian Hall for a 'Day of Mourning.' This episode explores the organization behind that protest: the Aborigines Progressive Association, founded by Jack Patten and William Ferguson. We follow their campaign through the 1930s, from the 1937 'corroboree' meeting to the drafting of a ten-point plan for citizenship rights. The Day of Mourning itself is recreated in detail—the bus tour past the Opera House site, the speeches, the declaration that 'you are the invaders.' We also examine the aftermath: how the protest was ignored by the press, the split between Patten and Ferguson, and the long shadow it cast on Aboriginal activism leading to the 1967 referendum. The episode ends with a reflection on what this day means today, as Australia Day remains contested.#DayOfMourning #AboriginalProtest #JackPatten #WilliamFerguson #AboriginesProgressiveAssociation #AustralianHall #AustraliaDay #1938 #Sydney #InvasionDay #CitizenshipRights #PearlGibbs #MargaretTucker #BillsOfRights #AboriginalActivism #History #FexingoHistory #AustraliaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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A decade before the Myall Creek massacre, another atrocity unfolded in the Kamilaroi lands of northern New South Wales. This episode follows the 1838 Waterloo Creek massacre, also called the Slaughterhouse Creek massacre, where mounted police under Major James Nunn killed dozens of Aboriginal men, women, and children. We trace the events leading to that bloody day—the expansion of pastoral stations, the role of the Native Police, and the colonial government's complicity. We also examine the aftermath: the cover-up, the lack of prosecutions, and how this massacre set a pattern for frontier violence across Australia. Along the way, we meet figures like Major Nunn, Governor George Gipps, and the Kamilaroi people who resisted invasion. This is a story of a forgotten frontier, one that challenges the myth of peaceful settlement and reveals the systematic dispossession at the heart of Australian colonisation.#WaterlooCreekMassacre #SlaughterhouseCreek #Kamilaroi #MajorJamesNunn #NativePolice #FrontierViolence #AustralianHistory #ColonialAustralia #MyallCreek #GeorgeGipps #NewSouthWales #1838 #Massacre #AboriginalHistory #IndigenousAustralians #Dispossession #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1868, a team of Aboriginal Australian cricketers became the first Australian sports team to tour England, playing 47 matches over four months. This episode explores the extraordinary story of the team, including stars like Johnny Mullagh (Unaarrimin) and Grongarrong (Mosquito), the role of pastoralist-turned-impresario William Hayman, and the cultural encounter that unfolded on English soil. We discuss the team's training on the plains of the Wimmera, their reception by English crowds and the press, and the complex dynamics of black-white relations in colonial Victoria. The tour was a sporting sensation but also a deeply ambiguous moment: the players were celebrated as athletes yet remained subject to the restrictive protection laws back home. We examine how the tour foreshadowed later debates about Indigenous representation, exploitation, and the politics of sport. This episode draws on recent scholarship and primary sources to tell a story of skill, resilience, and the collision of two worlds.#AboriginalCricketTour #JohnnyMullagh #Unaarrimin #Grongarrong #Wimmera #WilliamHayman #1868 #ColonialVictoria #AboriginalHistory #SportAndPolitics #Australia #Oceania #FexingoHistory #CricketHistory #FirstAustralians #CulturalEncounter #19thCentury #HistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the fierce resistance of the Kalkadoon people of northwest Queensland, who defended their lands against colonial expansion in the late 19th century. They delve into the 1884 Battle of Battle Mountain, where Kalkadoon warriors, armed with spears and boomerangs, faced a well-armed force of Native Police and settlers led by Sub-Inspector Frederic Urquhart. The conversation covers Kalkadoon military tactics, their use of the terrain, and the devastating aftermath. Lucas also discusses the Kalkadoon's enduring legacy and the recent return of ancestral remains. This episode sheds light on a lesser-known chapter of frontier conflict in Australia, highlighting the Kalkadoon's defiance and the brutal costs of colonization.#Kalkadoon #BattleMountain #FredericUrquhart #NativePolice #Queensland #FrontierWar #AboriginalResistance #ColonialAustralia #MountIsa #KalkadoonPeople #AboriginalHistory #AustraliaHistory #FirstNations #ColonialConflict #Spear #Boomerang #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1965, a group of University of Sydney students led by a young Aboriginal activist named Charles Perkins boarded a bus and traveled through rural New South Wales to expose the widespread racial discrimination faced by Aboriginal Australians. This episode follows the Freedom Ride's journey from the bustling university campus to towns like Moree, Walgett, and Kempsey, where the students encountered segregated swimming pools, cinemas, and public spaces. We explore the strategic tactics used by the riders, the violent backlash they faced, and the lasting impact on Australian civil rights. Drawing on firsthand accounts and news reports from the era, Lucas and Luna discuss how this bus trip galvanized a new generation of Aboriginal activism and set the stage for the 1967 referendum. A compelling look at a pivotal moment when young Australians took a stand against injustice, revealing the deep-rooted segregation that existed beyond the official policy of 'White Australia.'#FreedomRide #CharlesPerkins #AboriginalRights #CivilRights #1965 #Australia #Segregation #Moree #Walgett #Kempsey #UniversityOfSydney #StudentActivism #WhiteAustralia #RacialDiscrimination #1967Referendum #History #FexingoHistory #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final confrontation of Ned Kelly and his gang at the Glenrowan Inn in June 1880. They discuss Kelly's background, the siege's events, and the iconic armor worn by the gang. Discover how the siege ended with Ned's capture and subsequent trial, and reflect on his legacy as both a bushranger and a symbol of rebellion against colonial authority.#NedKelly #KellyGang #Glenrowan #Bushranger #AustralianHistory #VictorianGoldRush #PoliceSiege #IronOutlaw #AaronSherritt #JoeByrne #SteveHart #DanKelly #ColonialAustralia #1880s #OutlawLegend #History #FexingoHistory #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In June 1838, at least 28 Wirrayaraay people were killed by a group of convict stockmen and settlers at Myall Creek station in northern New South Wales. Unlike many other massacres on the frontier, this one led to a trial — and the execution of seven of the perpetrators. Lucas and Luna explore the events leading up to the massacre, the legal aftermath, and the role of Governor George Gipps and Attorney General John Plunkett in pursuing justice. They discuss the racial dynamics of colonial Australia, the significance of the Gamilaraay and Wirrayaraay peoples, and how the case set a precedent for Aboriginal legal recognition. This episode covers the tension between colonial law and frontier violence, the landmark trial, and the legacy of the massacre in Australian history.#MyallCreek #Wirrayaraay #Gamilaraay #JohnPlunkett #GeorgeGipps #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #ColonialAustralia #Massacre #FrontierViolence #LegalHistory #1838 #NewSouthWales #IndigenousJustice #FexingoHistory #History #Podcast #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1797, as the Sydney colony expanded west along the Hawkesbury River, the Darug people fought back under the leadership of a warrior named Pennemiser. Besieging farms, burning crops, and challenging the colonial order, they forced Governor John Hunter to launch a punitive expedition. This episode explores the Hawkesbury wars, the legend of Pemulwuy versus the less-known Pennemiser, and the resilience of Darug resistance in frontier New South Wales. We examine colonial records, Aboriginal tactics, and the devastating aftermath—including the 1799 killing of Pennemiser and the impact on Darug land and life. A story of conflict, survival, and the first sustained Aboriginal resistance against British settlement.#Pennemiser #Darug #HawkesburyWars #AboriginalResistance #FrontierConflict #1797 #JohnHunter #Pemulwuy #NewSouthWales #SydneyColony #FirstNations #ColonialAustralia #GuerrillaWarfare #IndigenousHistory #HawkesburyRiver #AustralianHistory #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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Before John Batman ever sailed up the Yarra, the lands around Port Phillip were governed by a sophisticated alliance of five Aboriginal nations—the Kulin confederacy. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the intricate social, political, and ceremonial life of the Wurundjeri, Boon wurrung, Taungurung, Djadjawurrung, and Wathaurung peoples. They discuss the Tanderrum ceremony, where visitors were granted safe passage and seasonal access to resources; the role of Ngurungaeta (clan heads) like Billibellary in mediating conflict; and how colonial settlement systematically dismantled a system of land management that had sustained the region for millennia. The hosts also touch on the 1835 Batman Treaty—a document that claimed to purchase 600,000 acres from the Kulin, but whose legitimacy was immediately contested. This episode weaves together anthropological records, oral history, and colonial correspondence to recover a world that was not 'wilderness' but a carefully curated landscape.#KulinNation #Wurundjeri #Boonwurrung #Taungurung #Djadjawurrung #Wathaurung #Tanderrum #Billibellary #BatmanTreaty #PortPhillip #AboriginalAustralia #IndigenousHistory #PreColonialAustralia #MelbourneHistory #AustralianHistory #FirstNations #FexingoHistory #HistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In April 1770, Captain James Cook and the crew of the HMS Endeavour became the first Europeans to set foot on the east coast of Australia at a place they named Botany Bay. This episode explores the encounter between the British explorers and the Gweagal people, the traditional custodians of the land. We examine the famous account of Joseph Banks, the naturalist who documented the flora and fauna, and the Gweagal perspective as passed down through oral tradition. What happened when Cook's party landed? Why did the Gweagal men challenge them with spears? And what can we learn from the bark shields left behind? We discuss the differing interpretations of this first contact—from Cook's journal describing a peaceful exchange to the Gweagal memory of a hostile intrusion. We also touch on the legacy of Cook's voyage for Aboriginal communities today, including the ongoing debate over statues and commemoration. This episode provides a nuanced look at a moment that has become a foundational story in Australian history, told from both sides of the beach.#CaptainCook #BotanyBay #Gweagal #FirstContact #JosephBanks #Endeavour #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #ColonialHistory #OralTradition #BotanyBayEncounter #CookStatues #Kamay #Shield #1770 #History #FexingoHistory #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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This episode explores the 1967 Australian referendum, a watershed moment that saw over 90% of Australians vote 'Yes' to count Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the national census and allow the federal government to make laws for them. We follow the decade-long campaign by activists like Faith Bandler, Doug Nicholls, and the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, who framed the referendum as a simple question of equality. But what did the 'Yes' vote actually change? We unpack the myths and realities: the referendum did not grant citizenship or voting rights, and it did not end discriminatory state laws. We examine the wording of the two constitutional questions, the role of Prime Minister Harold Holt, and the surprising opposition from some Aboriginal leaders who feared federal control. The episode also connects the referendum to earlier episodes on the Day of Mourning and the Tent Embassy, showing how it was both a triumph of popular sentiment and a limited legal tool. We end by reflecting on how the 1967 referendum opened the door for future land rights and anti-discrimination legislation, even as the fight for true sovereignty continued.#1967Referendum #FaithBandler #DougNicholls #HaroldHolt #AboriginalRights #ConstitutionalChange #AustralianHistory #FexingoHistory #IndigenousAustralia #Activism #VotingRights #Census #Section51 #Section127 #FCAATSI #ReferendumCampaign #History #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In February 1939, over 200 Aboriginal residents walked off the Cummeragunja Mission in southern New South Wales, crossing the Murray River into Victoria in a protest that would echo through the civil rights movements of the 20th century. This episode tells the story of Jack Patten, the Yorta Yorta activist who helped lead the walk-off; the brutal conditions under the Aborigines Protection Board overseer Arthur McQuiggan; and the stand-off at Barmah that followed. We explore how Cummeragunja, established in the 1880s as a 'model' Aboriginal station, became a flashpoint for resistance after decades of stolen wages, forced child removal, and the crushing of Yorta Yorta culture. The walk-off directly inspired the 1946 Pilbara strike and the 1972 Tent Embassy. We also look at the often-overlooked role of women like Margaret Tucker and Selina Walker, and the legacy of the Yorta Yorta people's fight for land rights, which culminated in the 2002 Yorta Yorta native title decision. This is the story of a people who refused to be broken.#Cummeragunja #YortaYorta #JackPatten #AboriginalHistory #Australia #StolenGenerations #CivilRights #IndigenousResistance #MissionLife #Barmah #MargaretTucker #SelinaWalker #AboriginalRights #1939 #NewSouthWales #Victoria #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In this episode of The Story of Australia, Lucas and Luna explore the life and legacy of Trugernanner, a Palawa woman who became a symbol of the dispossession of Aboriginal Tasmanians. They discuss her early life on Bruny Island, her abduction by George Augustus Robinson as part of his 'Friendly Mission,' her role in the so-called 'Conciliatory Mission' to capture the remaining Palawa people, and her tragic final years as a captive in the Oyster Cove station. The episode examines the myths surrounding Trugernanner as the 'last Tasmanian' while acknowledging the resilience of the Palawa community that survived. It also touches on colonial figures like Robinson, Governor John Franklin, and the Black War, as well as the concept of historical memory and how Trugernanner's story has been shaped by both settler and Aboriginal perspectives. A nuanced look at a complex and often misunderstood figure.#Trugernanner #Tasmania #Palawa #AboriginalHistory #ColonialAustralia #GeorgeAugustusRobinson #FriendlyMission #BlackWar #OysterCove #BrunyIsland #JohnFranklin #StolenGenerations #History #FexingoHistory #Australia #Indigenous #Colonialism #HistoricalMemoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered a formal apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples for the forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families—a policy that created the Stolen Generations. This episode traces the history of child removal from the early 20th century, when state governments and church missions implemented assimilationist policies under the Aborigines Protection Acts, through to the Bringing Them Home report of 1997. We explore the testimony of survivors like Lorna Cubillo and the landmark 1997 National Inquiry that documented widespread trauma. The episode examines the politics of apology: the refusal of Prime Minister John Howard to say 'sorry', the grassroots Sorry Day movement, and the eventual 2008 apology in Parliament House. We also discuss the ongoing effects of these policies—intergenerational trauma, family separation, and the struggle for truth-telling. Specific focus is given to the role of Chief Protectors, the Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls, and the Kinchela Boys' Home. A nuanced look at a painful chapter that continues to shape Australia.#StolenGenerations #KevinRudd #NationalApology #BringingThemHome #Cootamundra #KinchelaBoysHome #LornaCubillo #SorryDay #JohnHoward #AboriginesProtectionAct #AssimilationPolicy #IntergenerationalTrauma #AustralianHistory #IndigenousAustralia #TruthTelling #Reconciliation #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1838, at least 28 Wirrayaraay people were killed near Myall Creek station in New South Wales. What made this massacre different was the aftermath: seven white settlers were tried, convicted, and hanged for murder. Lucas and Luna explore the events leading up to the killings, the legal battle that followed, and the landmark precedent that briefly held colonisers accountable for frontier violence. They discuss Governor George Gipps, the role of a young stockman named William Hobbs who testified, and the backlash that led to a whitewashing of the massacre's memory. How did this case shape Australian law? And why did subsequent governments ensure no such trial ever happened again? This episode unpacks a pivotal moment in the colonial frontier's history of violence and justice.#MyallCreek #Wirrayaraay #GeorgeGipps #FrontierWars #ColonialJustice #Massacre #1838 #NSW #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #ColonialViolence #LegalPrecedent #WilliamHobbs #LandRights #History #FexingoHistory #Oceania #PodcastKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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