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In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the history of the Parramatta Girls Home, a notorious institution that operated from 1896 to 1974. They discuss the origins of the home in the former Parramatta Female Factory, the daily realities for girls incarcerated there, the disturbing practices of the 'dining room' and solitary confinement, and the eventual exposure of abuse through survivor testimonies. The conversation touches on the 1996 Wood Royal Commission, the 2007 Parramatta Girls Memorial, and the ongoing fight for justice by organisations like the Parramatta Girls Home Alliance. This episode sheds light on a dark chapter of Australian institutional care and its lasting impacts.#ParramattaGirlsHome #ParramattaFemaleFactory #StolenGenerations #InstitutionalAbuse #WoodRoyalCommission #ForgottenAustralians #ChildMigrants #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #20thCenturyHistory #HumanRights #SurvivorTestimony #Parramatta #NewSouthWales #FexingoHistory #History #Oceania #ColonialAustraliaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1901, the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia passed the Immigration Restriction Act, the cornerstone of the White Australia Policy. This episode explores how the policy was drafted, its racist underpinnings, and its devastating impact on Chinese, Pacific Islander, and other non-European communities already living in Australia. We discuss the dictation test, the role of Alfred Deakin and Edmund Barton, the backlash from Britain and India, and the story of people like Ah Wing and the Pacific Islander community in Queensland. We also touch on the 1904 case of Ah Chong, whose deportation highlighted the cruelty of the system. The policy remained in place for nearly seven decades, shaping Australia's national identity and ethnic composition long after its official end in the 1970s.#WhiteAustraliaPolicy #ImmigrationRestrictionAct #AlfredDeakin #EdmundBarton #PacificIslanders #ChineseAustralians #1901 #Federation #AustralianHistory #Racism #DictationTest #AhWing #AhChong #Queensland #Kanakas #ImmigrationHistory #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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On Australia Day 1972, four Aboriginal men planted a beach umbrella on the lawns of Parliament House in Canberra and declared it the Aboriginal Embassy. This episode traces the Tent Embassy from its spontaneous beginnings through the violent police raids, mass arrests, and the eventual transformation into a permanent symbol of Indigenous land rights and sovereignty. We meet the key figures — Michael Anderson, Billy Craigie, Tony Coorey, Bertie Williams — and explore the political context: the McMahon government's rejection of land rights, the backlash against the Gove land rights case, and the embassy's role in galvanising a national movement. We also examine the embassy's legacy, from the 1992 Mabo decision to contemporary debates about constitutional recognition and the Uluru Statement from the Heart. This is the story of how a simple protest camp became one of the most enduring icons of Aboriginal resistance.#AboriginalTentEmbassy #IndigenousSovereignty #LandRights #Canberra #MichaelAnderson #BillyCraigie #TonyCoorey #BertieWilliams #GoveLandRightsCase #McMahonGovernment #AustraliaDay #1972 #OldParliamentHouse #UluruStatement #AboriginalHistory #PoliticalProtest #Oceania #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1966, Gurindji stockman Vincent Lingiari led a walk-off from Wave Hill cattle station in the Northern Territory, protesting poor pay and conditions under British pastoralist Lord Vestey. The strike, lasting nearly a decade, became a pivotal moment in Australia's land rights movement. Lucas and Luna explore Lingiari's leadership, the Gurindji people's connection to Country, the role of the Northern Territory Administration, and the eventual 1975 handback of traditional lands by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam — a moment famously captured in the song 'From Little Things Big Things Grow.' They also discuss the symbolism of Daguragu, the Kalkaringi petition, and the legacy of this struggle for Aboriginal land rights today. This episode covers a key chapter in Indigenous resistance and the fight for self-determination.#WaveHillWalkOff #VincentLingiari #Gurindji #AboriginalLandRights #Strike #NorthernTerritory #WaveHillStation #Vestey #GoughWhitlam #Daguragu #Kalkaringi #FromLittleThingsBigThingsGrow #1966Strike #IndigenousHistory #AustraliaHistory #LandRights #FexingoHistory #HistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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Long before the pyramids, before the last ice age, the ancestors of Aboriginal Australians performed the world's oldest known ritual burials. In this episode, we visit the Willandra Lakes region of New South Wales, where in 1969 geologist Jim Bowler stumbled upon the remains of Mungo Lady, ritually cremated some 40,000 years ago. Five years later, he found Mungo Man, covered in red ochre in a burial that reshaped the story of human migration. We walk through the evidence: the lunettes of Lake Mungo, the tools and hearths left behind, the sophisticated mourning practices that challenge stereotypes of 'primitive' cultures. We also confront the long fight for repatriation, from the discovery under questionable research ethics to the eventual return of Mungo Man's remains to the traditional custodians, the Paakantyi, Ngiyampaa, and Mutthi Mutthi peoples, in 2017. It's a story that pushes Australian history back into deep time and reasserts Indigenous connection to country for over 2,000 generations.#MungoMan #MungoLady #LakeMungo #WillandraLakes #DeepTime #AboriginalHistory #Paakantyi #Ngiyampaa #MutthiMutthi #OchreBurial #JimBowler #Repatriation #Archaeology #FirstPeoples #Australia #FexingoHistory #History #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1932, a series of spearfishing incidents and a punitive expedition on the remote Caledon Bay in Arnhem Land set off a chain of events that would lead to the last official massacre of Aboriginal people by colonial authorities in Australian history. This episode follows the Yolngu people of northeast Arnhem Land, the Japanese pearlers they encountered, and the aftermath that prompted a landmark shift in federal policy. We explore the killing of Japanese fishermen, the trial of the Yolngu men, the Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda case that went all the way to the High Court, and the eventual appointment of the first Aboriginal patrol officer, Ted Strehlow. Drawing on eyewitness accounts from missionaries and anthropologists like Donald Thomson, we examine how this remote coastal region became a flashpoint for questions of justice, terra nullius, and Indigenous sovereignty that would echo into the Mabo era.#CaledonBay #ArnhemLand #Yolngu #DhakiyarrWirrpanda #TedStrehlow #DonaldThomson #WoodahIsland #AustralianFrontier #AboriginalMassacre #HighCourt #1932 #JapanesePearlers #Missionaries #NativePatrolOfficer #TerraNullius #IndigenousSovereignty #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1946, Aboriginal pastoral workers in Western Australia's Pilbara region walked off their jobs in a coordinated strike that lasted for years. This episode explores the strike's origins in the exploitative pastoral station system, the role of key figures like Don McLeod and Clancy McKenna, and the strike's innovative use of cooperative mining to sustain the strike. We look at how the strike challenged colonial labor structures and contributed to the broader Aboriginal rights movement. Names like the Nyamal people, Port Hedland, and the Aboriginal Pastoral Workers' Union feature prominently. The strike's legacy is still felt today in ongoing struggles for land rights and economic independence.#PilbaraStrike #DonMcLeod #ClancyMcKenna #Nyamal #AboriginalRights #PastoralWorkers #WesternAustralia #PortHedland #CooperativeMining #1946 #ColonialLabor #Strike #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Oceania #IndigenousRightsKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1894, Dr. Walter Roth, a British surgeon turned Northern Protector of Aboriginals, submitted a report to the Queensland government that laid bare the exploitative labor practices on frontier cattle stations and pearl fisheries. Roth documented how Aboriginal workers were recruited under deceptive contracts, paid in rations instead of wages, and subjected to flogging for dissent. His findings led to the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, which paradoxically gave police and protectors sweeping powers to control every aspect of Indigenous life—from movement to marriage to property. This episode unpacks Roth's report, the grim conditions it exposed, and the double-edged sword of 'protective' legislation that confined the very people it claimed to shield. We follow the story of a single document's journey from quiet bureaucratic circulation to becoming the framework for Queensland's notorious reserve system, and how Roth himself—a collector of Aboriginal artifacts and languages—embodied the contradictions of the colonial ethnographer. Featuring the voices of the Kalkadoon people from the Mount Isa region and the maritime Kaurareg of the Torres Strait, this is a deep dive into the machinery of administrative cruelty.#WalterRoth #Queensland #AboriginalProtectionAct #NorthernProtector #Kalkadoon #Kaurareg #PearlFishing #FrontierLabor #StolenWages #ColonialPolicy #ReserveSystem #1890s #AboriginalHistory #ColonialAustralia #History #FexingoHistory #Australia #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In August 1928, a series of punitive expeditions in the remote Central Australian desert left dozens of Aboriginal men, women, and children dead. The Coniston Massacre — named after a nearby cattle station — is one of the bloodiest frontier conflicts in Australian history, yet it remained largely hidden from public view for decades. This episode explores the events that sparked the killings, the role of constable William George Murray and his posse, the controversial Board of Inquiry that followed, and the legacy of silence that surrounded the massacre. We'll examine the tensions between pastoralists and the Warlpiri and Anmatyerre people, the impact of drought and dispossession, and how the massacre fits into the broader pattern of colonial violence in the Northern Territory. Through survivor testimonies and historical records, we piece together what happened at places like Yurrkuru, Janganpa, and Kunayungku. This is a story of frontier justice — or the lack of it — and a reminder that Australia's violent past is not as distant as we might think.#ConistonMassacre #Warlpiri #Anmatyerre #WilliamGeorgeMurray #FrontierViolence #NorthernTerritory #AustralianHistory #PunitiveExpedition #Yurrkuru #Janganpa #Kunayungku #ColonialAustralia #AboriginalHistory #1928 #BoardOfInquiry #CentralDesert #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1992, the Australian High Court handed down a ruling that shattered the legal foundation of the British colonisation of Australia: the doctrine of terra nullius, or 'land belonging to no one'. This episode dives into the Mabo v Queensland (No 2) case, named for Eddie Koiki Mabo, a Meriam man from the Torres Strait island of Mer. We trace Mabo's journey from his childhood on Mer, through his work as a gardener and activist in Townsville, to the ten-year legal battle led by barrister Bryan Keon-Cohen and historian Noel Loos. The case relied on evidence of continuous Meriam connection to land: gardens, clan boundaries, and the Malo-Bomai law. We unpack the court's split decision, the concept of native title it established, and the immediate fallout: the Wik decision, the Native Title Act 1993, and the ongoing struggle for recognition. This is the story of how one man's name became synonymous with Aboriginal land rights and a legal revolution.#Mabo #EddieKoikiMabo #TerraNullius #NativeTitle #Meriam #TorresStrait #HighCourt #BryanKeonCohen #NoelLoos #MaboDecision #WikDecision #NativeTitleAct #AboriginalLandRights #Australia #History #FexingoHistory #LandRights #ColonialLawKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In Episode 87 of The Story of Australia, Lucas and Luna explore the early Aboriginal resistance movement led by Pemulwuy, a Bidjigal warrior who organized a guerrilla campaign against British settlers in the Sydney region from 1788 to 1802. They discuss the context of the Eora and Dharug nations, the impact of smallpox, and the series of raids and killings that marked the frontier conflict. The episode covers the 1790 spearing of Governor Phillip's gamekeeper, the 1797 Battle of Parramatta, and Pemulwuy's eventual death. It also touches on the government's response, including orders for his head to be sent to England, and the legacy of his resistance. This episode picks up where earlier episodes on Pennemiser and the Hawkesbury left off, offering a broader view of early colonial conflict.#Pemulwuy #Bidjigal #EoraNation #Dharug #AboriginalResistance #FrontierConflict #BattleOfParramatta #GovernorPhillip #Smallpox #GuerrillaWarfare #SydneyHistory #1788 #ColonialAustralia #FirstNations #IndigenousHistory #FexingoHistory #History #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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On January 26, 1938, as Sydney celebrated 150 years of British colonization, a group of Aboriginal activists gathered in the Australian Hall for a 'Day of Mourning.' This episode explores the organization behind that protest: the Aborigines Progressive Association, founded by Jack Patten and William Ferguson. We follow their campaign through the 1930s, from the 1937 'corroboree' meeting to the drafting of a ten-point plan for citizenship rights. The Day of Mourning itself is recreated in detail—the bus tour past the Opera House site, the speeches, the declaration that 'you are the invaders.' We also examine the aftermath: how the protest was ignored by the press, the split between Patten and Ferguson, and the long shadow it cast on Aboriginal activism leading to the 1967 referendum. The episode ends with a reflection on what this day means today, as Australia Day remains contested.#DayOfMourning #AboriginalProtest #JackPatten #WilliamFerguson #AboriginesProgressiveAssociation #AustralianHall #AustraliaDay #1938 #Sydney #InvasionDay #CitizenshipRights #PearlGibbs #MargaretTucker #BillsOfRights #AboriginalActivism #History #FexingoHistory #AustraliaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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A decade before the Myall Creek massacre, another atrocity unfolded in the Kamilaroi lands of northern New South Wales. This episode follows the 1838 Waterloo Creek massacre, also called the Slaughterhouse Creek massacre, where mounted police under Major James Nunn killed dozens of Aboriginal men, women, and children. We trace the events leading to that bloody day—the expansion of pastoral stations, the role of the Native Police, and the colonial government's complicity. We also examine the aftermath: the cover-up, the lack of prosecutions, and how this massacre set a pattern for frontier violence across Australia. Along the way, we meet figures like Major Nunn, Governor George Gipps, and the Kamilaroi people who resisted invasion. This is a story of a forgotten frontier, one that challenges the myth of peaceful settlement and reveals the systematic dispossession at the heart of Australian colonisation.#WaterlooCreekMassacre #SlaughterhouseCreek #Kamilaroi #MajorJamesNunn #NativePolice #FrontierViolence #AustralianHistory #ColonialAustralia #MyallCreek #GeorgeGipps #NewSouthWales #1838 #Massacre #AboriginalHistory #IndigenousAustralians #Dispossession #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1868, a team of Aboriginal Australian cricketers became the first Australian sports team to tour England, playing 47 matches over four months. This episode explores the extraordinary story of the team, including stars like Johnny Mullagh (Unaarrimin) and Grongarrong (Mosquito), the role of pastoralist-turned-impresario William Hayman, and the cultural encounter that unfolded on English soil. We discuss the team's training on the plains of the Wimmera, their reception by English crowds and the press, and the complex dynamics of black-white relations in colonial Victoria. The tour was a sporting sensation but also a deeply ambiguous moment: the players were celebrated as athletes yet remained subject to the restrictive protection laws back home. We examine how the tour foreshadowed later debates about Indigenous representation, exploitation, and the politics of sport. This episode draws on recent scholarship and primary sources to tell a story of skill, resilience, and the collision of two worlds.#AboriginalCricketTour #JohnnyMullagh #Unaarrimin #Grongarrong #Wimmera #WilliamHayman #1868 #ColonialVictoria #AboriginalHistory #SportAndPolitics #Australia #Oceania #FexingoHistory #CricketHistory #FirstAustralians #CulturalEncounter #19thCentury #HistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the fierce resistance of the Kalkadoon people of northwest Queensland, who defended their lands against colonial expansion in the late 19th century. They delve into the 1884 Battle of Battle Mountain, where Kalkadoon warriors, armed with spears and boomerangs, faced a well-armed force of Native Police and settlers led by Sub-Inspector Frederic Urquhart. The conversation covers Kalkadoon military tactics, their use of the terrain, and the devastating aftermath. Lucas also discusses the Kalkadoon's enduring legacy and the recent return of ancestral remains. This episode sheds light on a lesser-known chapter of frontier conflict in Australia, highlighting the Kalkadoon's defiance and the brutal costs of colonization.#Kalkadoon #BattleMountain #FredericUrquhart #NativePolice #Queensland #FrontierWar #AboriginalResistance #ColonialAustralia #MountIsa #KalkadoonPeople #AboriginalHistory #AustraliaHistory #FirstNations #ColonialConflict #Spear #Boomerang #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1965, a group of University of Sydney students led by a young Aboriginal activist named Charles Perkins boarded a bus and traveled through rural New South Wales to expose the widespread racial discrimination faced by Aboriginal Australians. This episode follows the Freedom Ride's journey from the bustling university campus to towns like Moree, Walgett, and Kempsey, where the students encountered segregated swimming pools, cinemas, and public spaces. We explore the strategic tactics used by the riders, the violent backlash they faced, and the lasting impact on Australian civil rights. Drawing on firsthand accounts and news reports from the era, Lucas and Luna discuss how this bus trip galvanized a new generation of Aboriginal activism and set the stage for the 1967 referendum. A compelling look at a pivotal moment when young Australians took a stand against injustice, revealing the deep-rooted segregation that existed beyond the official policy of 'White Australia.'#FreedomRide #CharlesPerkins #AboriginalRights #CivilRights #1965 #Australia #Segregation #Moree #Walgett #Kempsey #UniversityOfSydney #StudentActivism #WhiteAustralia #RacialDiscrimination #1967Referendum #History #FexingoHistory #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final confrontation of Ned Kelly and his gang at the Glenrowan Inn in June 1880. They discuss Kelly's background, the siege's events, and the iconic armor worn by the gang. Discover how the siege ended with Ned's capture and subsequent trial, and reflect on his legacy as both a bushranger and a symbol of rebellion against colonial authority.#NedKelly #KellyGang #Glenrowan #Bushranger #AustralianHistory #VictorianGoldRush #PoliceSiege #IronOutlaw #AaronSherritt #JoeByrne #SteveHart #DanKelly #ColonialAustralia #1880s #OutlawLegend #History #FexingoHistory #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In June 1838, at least 28 Wirrayaraay people were killed by a group of convict stockmen and settlers at Myall Creek station in northern New South Wales. Unlike many other massacres on the frontier, this one led to a trial — and the execution of seven of the perpetrators. Lucas and Luna explore the events leading up to the massacre, the legal aftermath, and the role of Governor George Gipps and Attorney General John Plunkett in pursuing justice. They discuss the racial dynamics of colonial Australia, the significance of the Gamilaraay and Wirrayaraay peoples, and how the case set a precedent for Aboriginal legal recognition. This episode covers the tension between colonial law and frontier violence, the landmark trial, and the legacy of the massacre in Australian history.#MyallCreek #Wirrayaraay #Gamilaraay #JohnPlunkett #GeorgeGipps #AboriginalHistory #AustralianHistory #ColonialAustralia #Massacre #FrontierViolence #LegalHistory #1838 #NewSouthWales #IndigenousJustice #FexingoHistory #History #Podcast #OceaniaKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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In 1797, as the Sydney colony expanded west along the Hawkesbury River, the Darug people fought back under the leadership of a warrior named Pennemiser. Besieging farms, burning crops, and challenging the colonial order, they forced Governor John Hunter to launch a punitive expedition. This episode explores the Hawkesbury wars, the legend of Pemulwuy versus the less-known Pennemiser, and the resilience of Darug resistance in frontier New South Wales. We examine colonial records, Aboriginal tactics, and the devastating aftermath—including the 1799 killing of Pennemiser and the impact on Darug land and life. A story of conflict, survival, and the first sustained Aboriginal resistance against British settlement.#Pennemiser #Darug #HawkesburyWars #AboriginalResistance #FrontierConflict #1797 #JohnHunter #Pemulwuy #NewSouthWales #SydneyColony #FirstNations #ColonialAustralia #GuerrillaWarfare #IndigenousHistory #HawkesburyRiver #AustralianHistory #History #FexingoHistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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Before John Batman ever sailed up the Yarra, the lands around Port Phillip were governed by a sophisticated alliance of five Aboriginal nations—the Kulin confederacy. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the intricate social, political, and ceremonial life of the Wurundjeri, Boon wurrung, Taungurung, Djadjawurrung, and Wathaurung peoples. They discuss the Tanderrum ceremony, where visitors were granted safe passage and seasonal access to resources; the role of Ngurungaeta (clan heads) like Billibellary in mediating conflict; and how colonial settlement systematically dismantled a system of land management that had sustained the region for millennia. The hosts also touch on the 1835 Batman Treaty—a document that claimed to purchase 600,000 acres from the Kulin, but whose legitimacy was immediately contested. This episode weaves together anthropological records, oral history, and colonial correspondence to recover a world that was not 'wilderness' but a carefully curated landscape.#KulinNation #Wurundjeri #Boonwurrung #Taungurung #Djadjawurrung #Wathaurung #Tanderrum #Billibellary #BatmanTreaty #PortPhillip #AboriginalAustralia #IndigenousHistory #PreColonialAustralia #MelbourneHistory #AustralianHistory #FirstNations #FexingoHistory #HistoryKeep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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