Avsnitt
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Chování psů nevzniklo náhodou – formovaly ho tisíce generací života v různých prostředích.
V této epizodě se podíváme na jeden z prvních faktorů, který formoval chování dnešních psů – evoluci a přirozený výběr. Co je tlak prostředí, jak vzniká variabilita v populacích a jak může prostředí ovlivňovat vlastnosti i chování zvířat. A také proč některé reakce psů dávají z evolučního hlediska smysl, i když nám lidem někdy komplikují život.
Zdroje:
1) Miklósi A. (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. 4th edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978–0–19–104572.
2) Špinka M., Havlíček J., Štolhoferová I., Frynta D. (2024). Etologie. Mechanismy, ontogeneze, funkce a evoluce chování živočichů. Akademia. ISBN:978-80-200-3556-1.
3) Hedrick P. W. (2009). Wolf of a different colour. Heredity. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2009.77
4) Norwegian Polar Institute. Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). Dostupné z: https://npolar.no/en/species/arctic-fox/ (cit. 5. 3. 2026).
5) Zimova M., Moberg D., L. Mills s., Dietz A. J., Angerbjörn A. (2022). Colour moult phenology and camouflage mismatch in polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes. Biol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0334
6) Unnsteinsdóttir E. (2022). The Icelandic Arctic fox I - Population dynamics, conservation and hunting. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360105856_The_Icelandic_Arctic_fox_I_-_Population_dynamics_conservation_and_hunting
7) Tietgen L., Hagen I. J., Kleven O., Bernardi C. D., Kvalnes T., Norén K., Hasselgren M., Wallén J. F., Angerbjörn A., Landa A., Eide N. E., Flagstad Ø., Jensen H. (2021). Fur colour in the Arctic fox: genetic architecture and consequences for fitness. Proceedings. Biological sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1452
8) Trindade Maia R., de Araújo Campos M. (2021). Introductory Chapter: The Source of Biological Diversity. Genetic Variation. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96499
9) Cook L. M., Grant B. S., Saccheri I. J., Mallet J. (2012). Selective bird predation on the peppered moth: the last experiment of Michael Majerus. Biol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1136
10) Gehrt S. D., Brown J. L., Anchor C. (2011). Is the Urban Coyote a Misanthropic Synanthrope? T he Case from Chicago. Cities and the Environment (CATE). https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol4/iss1/3
11) Breck S. W., Poessel S., Mahoney P., Young J. K. (2019). The intrepid urban coyote: a comparison of bold and exploratory behavior in coyotes from urban and rural environments. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38543-5
12) Bateman P. W., Fleming P. A. (2012). Big city life: carnivores in urban environments. Journal of Zoology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00887.x
13) Stephens-Lewis D., Johnson A., Turley N., Naydorf-Hannis R., Scurlock-Evans L., Schenke K. C. (2022). Understanding Canine 'Reactivity': Species-Specific Behaviour or Human Inconvenience? Předtisk. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g24dm
14) Crane A. L., Brown G. E., Chivers D. P., Ferrari, M. C. O. (2020). An ecological framework of neophobia: from cells to organisms to populations. Biol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12560
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V této epizodě se podíváme na slavné Beljajevovy lišky – dlouhodobý chov, který měl ukázat, co se stane, když vybíráme zvířata pouze podle jejich chování k člověku. Jak rychle se mohou objevit změny podobné těm, které známe od psů? A opravdu tím vysvětlíme proces domestikace, nebo je realita složitější?
Zdroje:
1) Belyaev D. K. (1979). Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. The Journal of Heredity.
2) Dugatkin L. A. (2018). The silver fox domestication experiment. Evo Edu Outreach. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12052-018-0090-x
3) Trut L., Oskina I., Kharlamova A. (2009). Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. BioEssays: news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.200800070
4) Trut L. N., Plyusnina I. Z., Oskina I. N. (2004). An Experiment on Fox Domestication and Debatable Issues of Evolution of the Dog. Russian Journal of Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RUGE.0000033312.92773.c1
5) Trut L. (1999). Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment. American Scientist. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/early-canid-domestication-the-farm-fox-experiment
6) Dugatkin L. A., Dugatkin A. (2024). The Daring Russian Geneticist Whose Experiments on Silver Foxes Explained Domestication Has Died. Sci Am. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-daring-russian-geneticist-whose-experiments-on-silver-foxes-explained/
7) Wang X., Pipes L., Trut L. N., Herbeck Y., Vladimirova A. V., Gulevich R. G., Kharlamova A. V., Johnson J. L., Acland G. M., Kukekova A. V., Clark A. G. (2018). Genomic responses to selection for tame/aggressive behaviors in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800889115
8) Kukekova A. V., Trut L. N., Chase K. et al. (2008). Measurement of Segregating Behaviors in Experimental Silver Fox Pedigrees. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-007-9180-1
9) Mukhamedshina I.A., Kharlamova A.V. (2024). Does Long-Term Selection for Reactions to Humans Affect Decision-Making during Learning in Foxes?. Neurosci Behav Physi. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-024-01738-z
10) Lord K. A., Larson G., Coppinger R. P., Karlsson E. K. (2020). The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011
11) Albert F. W., Carlborg O., Plyusnina I., Besnier F., Hedwig D., Lautenschläger S., Lorenz D., McIntosh J., Neumann C., Richter H., Zeising C., Kozhemyakina R., Shchepina O., Kratzsch J., Trut L., Teupser D., Thiery J., Schöneberg T., Andersson L., Pääbo S. (2009). Genetic architecture of tameness in a rat model of animal domestication. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.102186
12) Tancredi D., Cardinali I. (2023). Being a dog: a review of the domestication process. Genes. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14050992
13) Wilkins A. S., Wrangham R. W., Fitch W. T. (2014). The "Domestication Syndrome" in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165423
Videa z experimentu:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-L58NPPQ5eI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzTcmE-pMLU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sPNYfGmxyA&t=61s
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Saknas det avsnitt?
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Krátce o mitochondriální DNA a chromozomu Y a o tom, proč se právě tyto části genetické informace používají ke sledování původu. Web: www.poznejpsa.cz
Zdroje:
Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/
Sato M., Sato K. (2013). Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA by diverse mechanisms to eliminate paternal mitochondrial DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.010
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Canis lupus familiaris Annotation Release 104. Accessed 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/annotation_euk/Canis_lupus_familiaris/104/
Khedkar S. (2025). Mitochondrial DNA: A Maternal Legacy That Helps Trace the Past and Diagnose the Future. The Scientist. https://www.the-scientist.com/mitochondrial-dna-a-maternal-legacy-that-helps-trace-the-past-and-diagnose-the-future-72983
Rizzi E., Lari M., Gigli E., De Bellis G., Caramelli D. (2012). Ancient DNA studies: new perspectives on old samples. Genetics, selection, evolution. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-44-21
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Kdy, kde a jak proběhla domestikace psa? Povídání o tom, co víme — i nevíme dnes. Web: www.poznejpsa.cz
Zdroje:
1) Elzinga D. C., Kulwicki R., Iselin S., Spence L., Capaldi A. (2025). Rapid evolution of prehistoric dogs from wolves by natural and sexual selection emerges from an agent-based model. Proc. R. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.2646
2) Serpell J. A. (2021). Commensalism or Cross-Species Adoption? A Critical Review of Theories of Wolf Domestication. Front. Vet. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.662370
3) Tancredi D., Cardinali I. (2023). Being a dog: a review of the domestication process. Genes. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14050992
4) Ryabinina O. M., Politov D. V. (2025). Origin of Domestic Dogs in Light of Recent Genetic Data. Russ J Genet. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795425700747
5) Janssens L., Giemsch L., Schmitz R., Street M., Van Dongen S., Crombé P. (2018). A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004
6) Germonpré M., Lázničková-Galetová M., Sablin M. V. (2012). Palaeolithic dog skulls at the Gravettian Předmostí site, the Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.022
7) Prassack K. A., DuBois J., Lázničková-Galetová M., Germonpré M., Ungar P. S. (2020). Dental microwear as a behavioral proxy for distinguishing between canids at the Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) site of Předmostí, Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105092
8) Janssens L. A., Boudadi-Maligne M., Mech L. D., Lawler D. F. (2021). The enigma of the Předmostí protodogs. A comment on Prassack et al. 2020. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105160
9) Bergström A., Stanton D. W. G., Taron U. H. et al. (2022). Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04824-9
10) Bergström A., Frantz L., Schmidt R., et al. (2020). Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9572
11) Perri A. R., Feuerborn T. R., Frantz L. A. F., Larson G., Malhi R. S., Meltzer D. J., Witt K.E. (2021). Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010083118
12) Shipman P. (2021). What the dingo says about dog domestication. The Anatomical Record. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24517
