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After reading part of Philippians 2, Fr Anthony talks about the work we are called to do, how our disordered minds thwart it, and what we can do about it. Enjoy the show!
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Fr. Anthony talks with Dn. Basil about recent findings on religion and the authoritarian personality. Dn. Basil in a a professional therapist; his practice is Mount Tabor Counseling (mounttaborcounseling.com). Enjoy the show!
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Saknas det avsnitt?
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The Sunday of Orthodoxy: Embrace the Fullness of the Faith
Fr. Anthony PerkinsEvery morning we join together and pray:
Lord, save and have mercy on our civil authorities; protect our nation with peace, subduing our every foe and adversary. Fill the hearts of our leaders with peaceful, benevolent thoughts for your Holy Church and for all your people so that we, in their tranquility, may lead a peaceful and quiet life in true faith and in all godliness and purity.
This same attitude is found amongst the most solemn intercessor prayers in all of Orthodoxy: those that occur during the Anaphora. In the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, the prayer is;
We also offer You this spiritual worship for the whole world, for the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, and for all those who live in purity and holiness. And for all those in public service, permit them Lord, to serve and govern in peace, that in their tranquility we may lead a calm and quiet life in all Godliness and purity.
This is our approach to politics, and this is the basis of our theology of church and state.
We are expected to pray for our government, that it provides a safe place for us to pursue perfection. And don’t forget that pursuing perfection is what we are all about. We are learning to radiate peace and joy and unity so strongly, to be transformed by the grace and mercy of Christ so completely, that the people and world around us are themselves transformed. That when people see us on the streets, they recognize us as something different because of our love; that when they see us together as a church they are awed by the love that radiates among us and warmed by the Spirit that burns within our hearts.
It is wonderful when the government respects this and gives us a safe space to make it happen. But sometimes the government goes beyond this. Sometimes it wants to get more involved. Orthodoxy is a way of life – we do not simply pursue holiness in our minds and before the icons in our prayer corners or in our houses of worship: we do it 24/7, with an approach to life that is complete and holistic. The way we eat, the way we talk, everything we do – it’s all designed to further this one goal: the healing and perfection of us and of this world. When the government sees it as its own responsibility to guide us towards a certain way of thinking and living – rather than as simply the force that protects us as we think and live – we quickly run into problems.
On previous Sundays of Orthodoxy, I have preached about the transformative power of beauty, of the fact that icons are not only allowed by Christianity but required by it, I have explained the findings of the councils and why they are true. These are very important lessons, and I will, no doubt return to them in future years. But certainly one of the lessons to be learned from the whole nasty history of iconoclasm – when morality police came into our churches and destroyed our icons and told us we were wicked for having them – is just how dangerous it is for the government to get involved in the substance of theological disputes. And it gets even worse when it seeks to enforce the version it believes is best for us.
But thank God we are free from such things here and now. Thank God the First Amendment [and the rest of the Constitution] encourages our government to protect us rather than change us. This, combined with the melting pot of cultures and religions here has created a widespread respect for the ideal of religious diversity, even when disparate beliefs are held with fervor.
But here’s the thing. There really have been times when people hid their icons because the authorities were confiscating them and persecuting the people who were caught with them. Here, don’t just think of when the iconoclasts ruled in Constantinople in parts of the first millennium; the militant atheist iconoclasts in the Soviet Union destroyed plenty of icons in the 20th century and Muslims have done this more recently than in Kosovo and the Middle East.
But in America we are free. No one is taking our icons. And yet even so it seems to me that the iconoclasts are winning, not just in our broader American culture (which we are called to sanctify), but perhaps even amongst us, in our own homes.
When strangers come into our homes, are they greeted with an image of that which is central to our identity? The thing that drives and draws us toward peace and perfection? Are our wedding and patronal icons central to the “feng shui” of our living rooms and bedrooms? Do we have reminders in our kitchens and hallways that there is a Christian manner of eating and living? Is there an icon near our television to remind us that our every thought should be pure and chaste, that it is better to pluck our eye than allow it to pull us off the path of righteousness?
And remember, it’s not just about icons. All our life is to be transformed by our life in Christ. It is a holistic way of life that informs and blessed everything. The way we eat, the way we think, the way we love.
If we have not sanctified our homes with icons, I wonder if we have sanctified them with prayer. If we have not sanctified them with prayer, then there is no way we can them with love. And if we have no love, our lives are full of noise and confusion, and we are little more than wasted potential; wasted skin and mind and soul.
The world believes that icons are unnecessary. We know that to be a lie.
St. John of Damascus lived in a time when icons were being attacked, both by the Muslim authorities who governed over him and his flock and by heretical religious authorities who shared their vision. He was a theologian, so he defended icons with theological arguments, but his strongest advice was pastoral:
He wanted to see his people free. He wanted to see them healed. He wanted to see them holy. He knew that Orthodoxy – the fullness of the faith (and not some compromised watered-down version) was essential to that purpose.
So he told them to embrace their icons, despite the surrounding culture.
I want you to be free. I want you to be healed. I want to see you holy. I know that Orthodoxy – the fullness of the faith (and not some compromised watered-down version), is essential to that purpose.
So I encourage you to embrace your icons. And not just icons. Resist every temptation and encouragement to water down any aspect of your faith; not by attacking the forces that mock or try to destroy your faith, but by committing yourself to a life in Christ. To prayer. To fasting. To sacrificial giving. To chastity.
As we will proclaim together at the end of the Liturgy;
This is the Faith of the Apostles.
This is the Faith of the Fathers.
This is the Faith of the Orthodox.
This is the Faith which has established the Universe.In the name …
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MATTHEW 6:14-21
The Lord said, "If you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father also will forgive you; but if you do not forgive men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. And when you fast, do not look dismal, like the hypocrites, for they disfigure their faces that their fasting may be seen by men. Truly, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face, that your fasting may not be seen by men but by your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you. Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust consume and where thieves break in and steal, but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust consumes and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
We are going on a journey up a mountain – we should not carry things that are not worth having.
This is part of the connection between forgiveness and fasting;
“Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth…”
Holding onto grudges – remembrances of wrongs – is the polyunsaturated meal that multiplies like the food in Gurgi’s magical sack: no matter how much we eat, there is always more. But the more we eat, the more we are weighed down, the more damage we do to our souls, and the less capable we are of the theotic climb to holiness.
Three types of letting go.
Exoneration: this is the ideal – wipes the slate clean
It was an accident – no intent
The actor was a child or an innocent; reconciliation should not even be threatened and should automatically be restorred
The person is truly sorry; takes full responsibility; asks for forgiveness, and shows through their actions that they are reliable partners in love
IN THESE CASES FULL EXONERATION IS REQUIRED; THE WORLD BECOMES BETTER WHEN WE DO AND WORSE WHEN WE DON’T
“If thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand?
But there is forgiveness with thee.” Matthew 129:3-4.
Forbearance
Apology is qualified or inauthentic
Let go of the thought
“Forgive but don't forget”; setting of boundaries
Allows us to maintain relations with people we cannot avoid or that we love
Allows for the possibility of eventual exoneration as the person grows in goodness
In scripture; all the commandments to be patient with one another and for the strong to bear the burdens of the weak speak to this kind of forgiveness.
Release
No recognition of wrongdoing
No repentance
No expectation that the person will not do it in the future
FORGIVENESS OF THIS KIND.DOES NOT EXONERATE
Liberating.
“And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet.” St. Matthew 10:14.
Three Mistakes many of us make:
Reconciling when it hasn’t been earned through repentance
There is not more heartfelt sorrow and desire for forgiveness than that offered by the addict or the one who is set to lose things they value because of their sin.
There is also little less reliable.
Reliability is an attribute of love. Those adults who cannot be relied on to be reliable do not deserve complete reconciliation. They have earned boundaries of various types. Some belong in category three.
Those who demand reconciliation because of the depth of their feelings may be either sincere or manipulative, but it takes discernment to determine if complete reconciliation should be given. For those with whom we have a good history, this can be done in steps.
Taking offense when none was intended. We are terrible at discerning intent, but we jump to it so quickly. Offer grace and, if needed, a conversation. Flowing from this:
Coming at relationships like lawyers or police interrogators rather than friends and Christians.
We’ve got a mountain to climb…
Forgiveness is one of the great superpowers granted to us; let's use it properly.
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Revelation Class 15; Heading to the Final Showdown
26 February 2025
Revelation, Chapter Twenty – Twenty-twoAndrew of Caesarea, Commentary on the Apocalypse, ed. David G. Hunter, trans. Eugenia Scarvelis Constantinou, vol. 123, The Fathers of the Church (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2011).
Fr. John Peck; Fr. Barnabas Powell. Rejecting RAPTUREMANIA: An Orthodox Look at a Dubious Doctrine (Function). Kindle Edition.
Patrick Henry Reardon, Revelation: A Liturgical Prophecy (Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2018).
Chapter Twenty
One thousand years.
Andrew of Caesarea: … The one thousand years, therefore, is the time from the Incarnation of the Lord until the coming of the Antichrist.
Gog and Magog.
Fr. Patrick Reardon. The name is not especially important for the identification of the invader; like the other names in these chapters of Ezekiel, it symbolizes evil realities much larger and more menacing than their historical references. Thus understood, Gog and his forces appear here in Revelation 20.
On Eternal Punishment
Andrew of Carsarea. For also as there are “many mansions in my Father’s” among those saved, thus, here too, there are different places and manners of punishments, those sharper and those milder, by which those not deemed worthy of the Book of Life will be tried.
Chapter Twenty-One
The End of Evil.
Fr. Patrick Reardon. In this final vision, which lasts two chapters, John is aware that seven things are gone forever: the sea, death, grief, crying, pain, the curse, and the night (21:1, 4; 22:3, 5). Here we are dealing with the definitive abolition of conflict, the end of chaos. The first symbol of this chaos is the sea...
The New Eden.
Fr. Patrick Reardon. John’s vision here, especially verses 19–21, is also related to Ezekiel 28:12–15, where we find joined the themes of the mountain and the precious stones, for this city is also the Garden of Eden, where those stones first grew (cf. Gen 2:10–12).
An Example of Symbolic Interpretation (the stones)
Andrew of Caesarea. By the amethyst, being somehow fiery in appearance, I surmise Matthias is signified, having been deemed worthy of the divine fire in the distribution of tongues and filling again the place of the one who had fallen, with fiery yearning to be well pleasing to the One who had chosen .
Chapter Twenty-Two
The Living Waters.
Fr. Patrick Reardon. The theme of the living waters is very much central to the Johannine corpus (cf. Jn 4:7–15; 7:38; 19:34; 1 Jn 5:6–8).
The Seal/Name.
Fr. Patrick Reardon. Heaven, portrayed here as vision and worship with the angels (verses 8–9), is for all those whose foreheads are sealed with the mark of the living God. This sealing, of course, stands in contrast to the mark of beast…
Blessed is the Kingdom…
Fr. Patrick Reardon. In this book a great deal has been said about the worship in the heavenly sanctuary. Now we learn that Christians already share in the worship that the angels give to God (verses 8–9).
The End of Old Time
Fr. Patrick Reardon. Verse 11 indicates a definite cut-off point in history, which is the final coming of Christ. Verse 12, which quotes Isaiah 40:10, promises the reward, which is access to the Holy City, eternal beatitude—the fullness of communion with God. In preparation for that reward, verses 14–16 are something of an altar call, an appeal for repentance, based on all that this book has said.
The Final Partition
Fr. Patrick Reardon. In referring to those “outside” the City, John is relying on an ancient eucharistic discipline of the Church, called “excommunication,” which literally excluded the person from receiving holy communion. …
Some Terms
Chiliasm was (may have been?) renounced at the Second Ecumenical Council.
The millennium is now. The first resurrection confused people: it is the one to hades or the bosom of Abraham.
Pre-millennialism is very similar to chiliasm. A literal reign. It misunderstands the language.
About the Rapture
From Fr. John Peck and Fr. Barnabas Powell. “There is no Rapture. It isn’t in the Bible. It was invented in the 19th century, and spread because of new religious groups, and the use of a specifically tailored study Bible. Believers will be present for the Great Tribulation to give their witness and glorify God, as the Bible says. There is no Third Coming of Christ. When Christ returns, that is the end of this world, and it will be unmistakable. There will be no doubt whatsoever. Stop worrying about what you will do if Jesus comes back before you die. Instead, worry about what will happen if you die before Jesus comes back.”
From the OSB: Christ’s second coming will entail a sudden revelation of judgment. One will be taken to heaven and the other left for eternal condemnation. The separation of the saints from the wicked will occur on “the day when the Son of man is revealed” (v. 30) and not, as some speculate today, at an event that occurs before His return.
As for Preterism and Partial Preterism; the Orthodox Church does not look to the book of Revelation for specific data on the end times. If you want to shoehorn it into this debate, it is partial-preterist.
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St. Matthew 25:31-46. Fr. Anthony covers the literal meaning and two spiritual meanings of the parable, noting that it should come as no surprise that diligently following the Orthodox Way prepares us to move to the right-hand, glory and thanks to God! Enjoy the show!
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(Luke 15: 11-32). Riffing off of St Nikolai Velimirovic, Fr Anthony preaches on the attributes of love - patience, forgiveness, and joy - that the father exhibits towards his sons as he pastors and encourages them them towards perfection.
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Revelation Class 14 – 19; Heading to the Final Showdown
12 February 2025
Revelation, Chapter Fifteen - TwentyPatrick Henry Reardon, Revelation: A Liturgical Prophecy (Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2018), 79–.
Chapter Fifteen
John sees in heaven the tabernacle of testimony from the Book of Exodus, the traveling tent of the divine presence that Moses and the Israelites carried through the desert. This tent, however, is “heavenly,” which means that it is the original model, the very pattern that Moses copied (Ex 25:9, 40; Acts 7:44; Heb 8:5). …
The tent itself is full of the cloud of the divine presence, the very cloud that led the Israelites through the desert of old. When that tent was dedicated in the desert, the divine cloud took up residence within it (Ex 40:34–38). That cloud later took residence in Solomon’s temple (1 Kgs 8:1–12), where Isaiah beheld it (6:1–4). In prophetic vision Ezekiel saw that cloud return to the second temple built in 520–16 (Ez 44:4).
Chapter Sixteen
… As in the account in Exodus, the intent of this [these] plague[s] is that the idolaters should repent, but in neither case does it happen. …
… Verse 15 contains a well-known saying of Jesus, in which he compares his final return to the coming of a thief in the dead of night. This dominical saying is preserved in the Gospels of Matthew (24:43) and Luke (12:39)….
Chapter Seventeen
John’s vision of the woman on the scarlet beast is better understood if one bears in mind certain features of his cultural and religious memory [idolatry as fornication; Jezabel as a wicked woman with loose morals connected with Baal; Proverbs on good vs. bad woman (Wisdom vs. Folly); Cleopatra? And Berenice (daughter of Herod); and the city of Rome].
Chapter Eighteen
This chapter deals with the city of sin, Babylon. It is not a prophecy of the downfall of Rome, such as that of AD 410 for instance, but an affirmation of hope for the downfall of what the pagan Roman Empire stood for. …
John’s complaint against the economic and commercial idolatry of his time should be regarded against the background of the Bible’s prophetic literature, especially the prophecies of Amos and Isaiah, who spoke out frequently against the unjust practices of the business world that they knew. price fixing, monopoly, widespread unemployment, and so forth. Actually, such considerations are among the most common in the Bible.
We observe that John does not see Babylon fall. An angel tells him that it has already happened. John, that is to say, has no violent vision. There is no projection, here, of a vindictive spirit; it is, rather, the divine resolution of a cosmic problem. …
Chapter Nineteen
The previous chapter spoke of the destruction of Babylon, pictured as a woman dressed in scarlet. …. We begin the chapter with the “Alleluia.” Although our own experience may prompt us to associate that fine prayer with the sight and scent of lilies, here in Revelation it resounds against the background of smoke rising from a destroyed city. The worship scene portrayed here is related to victory over the forces of hell…
By portraying the reign of God as a marriage feast, John brings together three themes, all of them familiar to the Christians of his day. [banquet; wedding; garments]…
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Luke 18:10-14. In this homily on the Publican and Pharisee, Fr. Anthony loses his voice and misses a couple of his points but still manages to spend over twenty minutes preaching about the need for repentance and good habits on the way to holiness. Enjoy the show!
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Revelation Class 13 – The Woman and the Beasts
05 February 2025
Revelation, Chapter Twelve - FourteenPatrick Henry Reardon, Revelation: A Liturgical Prophecy (Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2018), 70–78.
Chapter Twelve
… Nonetheless, this is not simply a description of the Lord’s nativity. The Woman in the vision is the mother of Jesus, but she is more; she is also the Church, which gives birth to Christ in the world. The sufferings and persecution of the Church are described as birth pangs (cf. Jn 16:21–22).
The serpent, of course, is the ancient dragon that is the enemy of our race, the one who seduced the first woman in the garden. …
Chapter Thirteen
Up till now we have seen two beasts, one of them from the underworld (Chapter 11) and the other from the heavens (Chapters 12). Two more beasts will appear in the present chapter, one of them from the sea (verse 1), who also has seven heads and ten horns (cf. 12:3), and one from the land (verse 11). …
Far more than ourselves, one fears, the early Christians were aware of the power of evil in the world. They spoke of it frequently in personified forms that are difficult to interpret literally. And the Christians described their relationship to this evil as one of warfare. …
Now we come to the beast arising out of the earth, a parody of Christ in the sense that he faintly resembles a lamb (verse 11). Performing great signs and bringing fire down from heaven (verse 13), he is also a parody of the two witnesses in Chapter 11; in this respect he resembles the magicians of Egypt. The Gospels, we recall, have several warnings against false christs and false prophets, who will work wonders. …
Interpreters of the sacred text, however, have been most partial to the Hebrew form of the name, “Nero Caesar,” which does, in fact, add up to exactly the number six hundred and sixty-six. There are other possibilities, but this explanation seems the most compelling. The number was thus a reference to Nero, the first Roman emperor who ever undertook the persecution of the Christian Church.
Chapter Fourteen
… On the image of harvest as judgment, see Joel 4:13–14 (3:9–14). The Son of Man on the cloud is, of course, from the Book of Daniel, an image that Jesus interprets of Himself in each of the Synoptic Gospels.
The rising pool of blood becomes a kind of Red Sea. Indeed, the following chapter will be full of imagery from the Book of Exodus. plagues, the cloud of the divine presence, the tent of testimony, Moses, the crossing of the Red Sea, and the destruction of the pursuers.
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Luke 2:22-40. Today the Meeting of the Lord was on a Sunday so everyone got some candles! They also heard Fr. Anthony preach on the stories and virtues of some of the participants in this great feast. Enjoy the show!
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Luke 19:1-10 Today Fr. Anthony praises St. Zacchaeus’ true repentance, compares it to an ephemeral sort of repentance, and notes the great freedom that simplicity brings.
Enjoy the show & please forgive the audio quality!
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Revelation Class 12 – The Trumpets
22 January 2025
Revelation, Chapter Eight - ElevenPatrick Henry Reardon, Revelation: A Liturgical Prophecy (Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2018), 58–69.
In the present text, the immediate response to the opening of the seventh seal is silence in heaven for thirty minutes (verse 1), while the angels with the seven trumpets prepare themselves (verses 2, 6), and the throne room is ritually incensed (verse 3). The silence that accompanies the incensing provides a time for prayers to be offered, the ascending of which is symbolized in the rising incense smoke (cf. Lk 1:9–10; Ex 30:1–9; Talmud, “Tamid” 3.1). In the temple ritual of Israel, it is likely that thirty minutes was required for the priest to make the rounds of the temple with his censer, though it sometimes took longer (cf. Lk 1:21)…
The trumpets, moreover, will be sounded by the seven “angels of the Presence” (cf. Tob 12:15; Lk 1:19). The trumpets themselves are best understood in two points of reference. First, there were seven trumpets sounded in the procession around the walls of Jericho in Joshua 6. It is useful to bear in mind that the Ark of the Covenant was borne at the end of that procession, after the seven trumpets. Similarly, at the end of the sounding of the seventh trumpet in the Book of Revelation, the Ark of the Covenant will once again appear (cf. 11:15, 19).
Second, that event of the fall of Jericho was given a constant liturgical expression in the ritual of the Jerusalem temple by the sounding of the trumpets (1 Chron 15:24; Neh 12:4–42). Almost any time anything of significance happened in the worship at the temple, such as prayers, sacrifices, and so forth, the trumpets were sounded. Thus, the blare of the trumpet symbolized Israel’s constant and sustained worship of God. This is also the function of the trumpets here in Revelation 8.
The blowing of the seven trumpets parallels the opening of the seven seals in several close particulars. Thus, the first four trumpets form a unified whole (verses 7–12), as did the first four seals (6:1–8). As in the case of the fifth and sixth seals (6:9–17), the fifth and sixth trumpets will be expressed in a longer and separate narrative (9:1–21). Finally, a pair of visions will precede the sounding of the seventh trumpet (10:1–11:14), as another pair preceded the opening of the seventh seal (7:1–17).
In addition, by introducing various plagues upon the earth, the seven trumpets find another extensive parallel in the seven bowls of plague that will follow them. Finally, let us note that the plagues visited on the earth at the sounding of the trumpets, like the plagues visited on Egypt, do not touch those who, having been sealed, belong to God.
Chapter 9
The first four trumpets produced plagues that resembled the seventh, first, and ninth plagues of Egypt (Ex 9:22–26; 7:20–21; 10:21). These plagues, prompted by the trumpets, affect only the physical and astrophysical world, not human beings—at least not directly. The final three, described by the heavenly eagle as “woes,” afflict mankind directly (8:13).
The image of a fallen star already appeared in 8:10–11. Now another star falls in response to the fifth trumpet (verse 1; cf. Is 14:12–20). This star opens the bottomless pit, from which arises a hellish smoke (verse 2; cf. 8:12) that contrasts with the incense smoke of prayer. The abyss represents existence without the worship of God—the theological term for which is “hell.” As John watches, a massive swarm of locusts takes form within that hellish cloud (verse 3), reminiscent of Egypt’s eighth plague (Ex 10:12–15). Unlike those former locusts, however, these locusts attack men themselves, not plant life (verse 4). Their activity is limited to five months, which is roughly the normal life span of locusts…
The torture inflicted by these followers of Abaddon is spiritual, not physical, and the Christians, sealed with the sign of the Living God, are exempt from it.
To the citizens of the Roman Empire the Euphrates River was a symbol analogous to the “Iron Curtain” of the Cold War era, that is, a border beyond which the enemy world lay massively in menace (verse 14). …
The army that John sees, like the army of locusts summoned by the previous trumpet, comes right out of hell. Both of these invaders, the locusts and the horsemen, are sent to encourage men to repentance, but men’s hearts, like the heart of Pharaoh, are hardened. The idolatries listed in verse 20 are the root of the other moral evils listed in verse 21. This relationship of idolatry to moral evil is identical to that in Romans 1:21–32 and Ephesians 5:6.
Chapter 10
Just as there was a double interrupting narrative immediately prior to the opening of the seventh seal, so a pair of visions will now precede the sounding of the seventh trumpet. the angel holding the little scroll, and the two faithful witnesses.
In the first of these, John is struck by the angel’s numinous character, at once bright and obscure. The angel’s body is clothed in a cloud, reminiscent of the cloud of the divine presence during ancient Israel’s desert journey and the cloud associated with the tabernacle of the divine presence. The face of the angel, on the other hand, has the luminosity of the sun. Nonetheless, the very fierceness of his countenance is tempered by the rainbow arching over his head, a reminder of the eternal covenant between God and creation in Genesis 9.
The scroll the angel holds is smaller than the scroll in Chapter 5, a detail suggesting that its message may be less universal. Indeed, the message of that scroll is not directed to the world, but to the community of faith (verses 8–11). It is not read but eaten; John absorbs its message into himself. He assimilates the Word that he might then give expression to it. In this respect he imitates the prophet Ezekiel (cf. Ez 2:9–3:4).
Chapter 11
In our reading of the Book of Revelation thus far we have encountered the Danielic expression, “a time, times, and half a time” (Dan 12:7). If we substitute the word “year” for “time,” the meaning of the expression is clear. “three and a half years,” or forty-two months, or (following the Hebrew calendar of thirty days per month) twelve-hundred and sixty days. In the Book of Daniel this was the length of time during which the Jerusalem temple was violated by Antiochus Epiphanes IV (Dan 9:27).
Similarly here in Revelation it is the symbolic length of time of severe trial and the apparent triumph of evil (verses 2–3; 12:6; 13:5). John’s contemporaries must also have been struck by the fact that the Roman siege of Jerusalem also lasted three and a half years, from AD 67–70. In the present chapter this length of time refers to the persecution of the Christian Church, of which Jerusalem’s temple was a type and foreshadowing.
Within the Christian Church, however, we find an inner court, as it were, a deep interior dimension that the forces of evil cannot trample. … This is the inner court of which John is told to take the measure (cf. Ez 40:1–4; Zech 2:1–2), a measuring that he will narrate later (21:15–17).
The literary background of John’s vision of the two witnesses is Zechariah 4:1–3, 11–14, where the prophet has in mind the anointed ruler Zerubbabel and the anointed priest Jeshua, the two men who preserved the worship in God’s house. Those two figures represented royalty (Zerubbabel was a descendent of David) and priesthood (Jeshua was a descendent of Aaron), which are two essential aspects of the life in Christ (cf. Rev 1:6; 5:10).
“Two” witnesses are required, of course, this being the minimum number required in order “to make the case” (Deut 19:15). But the two witnesses in this chapter of Revelation are the heirs, not only to Zerubbabel and Jeshua, but also to Moses and Elijah. It was the first of these who afflicted Egypt with plagues, and the second who closed up heaven for three and a half years (cf. Lk 4:25; Jas 5:17). This is John’s way of asserting that the Christian Church, in her royal priesthood, continues also the prophetic war against false gods. She will destroy God’s enemies by fire (verse 5), as did Moses (Num 16:35) and Elijah (2 Kgs 1:9–12).
When the monster from the abyss kills these two servants of God (verse 7), the forces of evil seem to have triumphed (verse 10), but they will be carried up to heaven, again like Moses and Elijah (2 Kgs 2:11), because the victorious Lamb has the final word….
In the hymn that follows the seventh trumpet (verses 17–18), we should especially observe that God’s wrath is salvific, a matter at which believers will rejoice, because God’s reign is established by his wrath. God is not a neutral observer of history. … The wrath of God is the last thing in the world that Christians should be afraid of, for the wrath of God is on their side (Mt 23:35–36).
As in the ancient procession around Jericho, the Ark of the Covenant appears after the seventh trumpet (verse 19).
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On Gratitude (with thanks to St. Nicholai Velimirovich)
Luke 17: 12-19 (The Ten Lepers, only one of whom returned)[Start with a meditation on the virtues of hard work and gratitude; hard work so that we can be proud of what we have done and foster an appreciation for the amount of effort that goes into the making and sustaining of things. This makes us grateful for what we have, and especially the amount of effort that goes into gifts that we receive from others. But what if these virtues break down? What if there was a society where hard work was not required and gratitude was neither expected nor offered? What if everything was both easy and taken for granted? Would this be a society comprised of real men and women, or of spoiled children? Would those who understood the need for virtue – and who cultivated it within their own lives – [would they] not weep when they saw the corruption that surrounded them?]
We are taught through small things, not always being able to understand big ones.
If we cannot understand how our souls cannot live for a moment without God, we can see how our bodies cannot live for a moment without air. If we cannot understand how we suffer a spiritual death when we go without prayer and the doing of good deeds, we can see how we suffer and die when we go without water and food. If we cannot understand why it is that God expects our obedience, we can study why it is that commanders expect obedience from their soldiers and why architects expect it from their builders.So it is with gratitude. If we do not understand why it is that God seeks our gratitude – and why He seeks it in both thought and action – we can look at why parents demand gratitude from their children.
Why do parents require that their children thank them for everything, both large and small, that they receive from their parents? Are parents enriched by the gratitude of their children? Are they made more powerful? Is it to feed their egos? Does it give them more influence or status in society? No, parents are not enriched by their children’s gratitude, and it takes time and effort to cultivate it in them. So parents spend time and effort on something that brings them no personal enrichment. Why do they do it? They do it for love. They do it for the good of their children so that they will grow up to be civilized and a benefit to society and to their own families. “A grateful man is valued wherever he goes; he is liked, he is welcomed, and the people are quick to help him.”What would happen if parents stopped teaching their children gratitude? How would their children turn out? How would society turn out? Isn’t it every parent’s obligation, then to demand gratitude from their children?
And so it is with God. He does not need our thanks. There is no way to add to His infinite power. There is no way to add to his glory. He in no way benefits from the thanks that we give Him.
And yet He demands that we thank Him every morning for getting us through the night. And yet He demands that we thank Him at every meal for the food on our tables. And yet He demands that we thank Him every Sunday for the gift of His Son.It seems like a lot, right? Couldn’t we just skip it? No. Not if we want to be good. Not if we want to be holy.
It isn’t just about doing things to please God (He is what He is regardless of our actions), and it isn’t really about doing things because we need to follow God’s rules. It is about being (and becoming) good and doing what is right.God desires that we be His children, through Christ, He has made this possible. Through our baptism and through our confession that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, we can join the ranks of the saints. This is not something to be taken for granted.
We are like the lepers who encountered Christ in today’s Gospel Because of our disease, we are not fit to join the saints and angels of God. But Jesus Christ has healed us of our disease. He has nailed our sins to the Cross. He has restored our fallen humanity to a state of grace. This is not something we have earned, nor is it something we deserve, nor is it something that Christ had to do. All ten of the lepers received the gift of health and their ability to walk once more with those who are well in a healthy community. Only one was grateful. Christ God suffered and died so that all of humanity could receive the gift of healing and eternal life, and the ability to live in everlasting joy with all the saints and angels. What is our response?Are we like the spoiled child that expects everything he receives (and more), that believes that everything is his due? If so, what kind of life can we expect to have? How can it not be stunted and incomplete? What kind of families and communities can we expect to grow around us?
Or are we like the child who grows into the virtuous adult, the one who everyone likes to have in their company, who brings out the best in those around him? If so, will our lives not be better? Will our community not thrive? Will we not have shown – through God’s grace – that we belong with the saints? Not because we are avoiding being punished or are being rewarded for following God’s rules; but because the faith evidenced in following God’s rules has allowed Him to grow within us. As with the tenth leper, our faith has made us well.
We are not worthy of the gifts that God has given us. We accept them with open arms. We offer our thanks for them. And we join the ranks of holy ones and angels that continually proclaim His glory.
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Homily: Holiness Changes Everything (Sunday after Theophany)
Ephesians 4: 7-13
St. Matthew 4: 12-17Review/Introduction.
Ontology of Beauty. Designed to provide a deeper appreciation for our faith and to demonstrate the blindness of materialism (to include the “new atheists”). When materialists describe our appreciation for beauty, they either try to show how an appreciation for beauty somehow increased evolutionary fitness, or, in a more sophisticated way, say that it is a happy coincidence. We know that there is more to beauty than these explanations allow. God is beautiful, and His infinite beauty continually flows into creation as naturally as do logic, life, and love. Beauty draws us into a growing relationship with something Good beyond ourselves, while at the same time resonating with and nourishing the spark of beauty within; it is not only real, but it is perfecting. It’s ontology is sacramental.
Today we are continuing the feast of Theophany; the celebration of God’s revelation to us of His Triune (Three in One; One in Three) nature at Christ’s Baptism. God the Father (the First Person of the Trinity) is revealed through His voice, which acknowledges Jesus as His Son (the Second Person of the Trinity), while the Holy Spirit (the Third Person of the Trinity) descends on Him and confirms this great truth. This is an important thing for us to know, and we thank God for this revelation. Among other things, the prayerful contemplation of the Trinity tells us much about how we, though separate persons, can and should be united; that the Church is more than a collection of like-minded individuals, and that the thing that they share is the thing that best defines them. It describes how we can, as the Liturgy says, have “one mind” yet maintain our own identities, thoughts, and charismas.
Theophany as an Introduction to Holiness.
But it is not this mysterious truth that the Church, through the hymns and scripture of the feast, would have us focus on. No, the poetry and prophecy of the feast of Theophany is on the reaction of creation to the presence of the Messiah, the Christ, the God-man Jesus; and in so doing it brings up another reality that – along with the reality of beauty that we discussed last week – “confounds the Greeks” (i.e. the new atheists and all materialists). This reality is the ontology of holiness and its effect on creation.
Holiness I: a source and reflection of spiritual light, warmth, and power.
Holiness is a quality that blessed things have; things that have been sanctified through their dedication to and proximity to the absolute source of spiritual light, warmth, and power. This source exists outside of creation, but creation is designed to thrive under its influence; and having thrived, to become holy itself. You get a sense of holiness when you perceive that something is “good”; and by good, I do not mean useful or pleasing. These are the selfish perversions of “goodness”. I mean when you can just tell that something is wholesome and right; when it just seems to radiate spiritual light, warmth, and power.
Holiness II: Eden as the Cultivation of Holiness.
As the race created in the “Image of God”, humans had a special blessing to be cultivators of a holy creation. The rest of creation, in turn, was created to respond to us. But when we forsake holiness in favor of profanity, our special relationship with creation changed; we became as much of a curse to creation as anything else. We, along with everything else, were created “good”, but we have forsaken this goodness and the result is a world that yields weeds and thistles along with fruits and vegetables.
Holiness III: But God desires the restoration of creation with us as its cultivator.
Old Adam – that is to say, old humanity – forsook holiness and lost its special relationship with the rest of creation. Adam fell, and scripture tells us that creation groaned in agony as a result. But here scripture is simply affirming something we already know: we are at odds with the world – some would say we are at war with it, and our attempts to subdue it through sheer force and technology have been met with, as God describes “thorns and thistles”. The response of the best environmentalists can only mitigate the affects of this sundered relationship; and the desires of the purist secular and pagan ecologists, while well intended, cannot be realized through good will alone. It seems that we are destined to wrestle with the world until either it or us are destroyed.
But into this mess comes new hope: the New Adam; the one who never forsook holiness; the one who is, in fact, the pre-eternal source of holiness who chose to join the race of fallen Adam so that through Him it might be restored. Spiritual warmth, light, and power radiated from His flesh. He was holy and creation responded to Him. The waters of the Jordan were transformed by His contact with it; water became the source, the mechanism, of the perfection of humankind. All the wickedness that had come to dwell within the Jordan were “turned back” due to the presence of the messiah, the God-man Jesus. Wickedness cannot abide the presence of holiness. It is forced to either fight it or flee. And this influence of Christ on creation did not stop at the Jordan. The world could not be still at His presence: the good responded to Him as it was intended; the wicked either repented and joined Him in holiness or doubled down in its profanity.
Conclusion: the mission of the Church.
The marvelous thing is that through Him all of creation is being renewed. His ministry on earth was just the start, the seed. When it was planted in the earth at His death, it immediately sprang out of the earth with greater power and purpose. Through Him, by embracing His holiness – now risen as the Holy Orthodox Church with Him as its root and head – we can bring holiness to the world. In the saints, this took very tangible form; but I know that you have seen it operate in your own life. You respond to holiness and you have seen others do the same. Some recoil in shock and revulsion; others reflect it back so that the mutual glow is increased.
Am I being too abstract? Try this. The materialists say there is no proof of what I am saying: let’s show how wrong they are. Repay profanity with holiness. When someone is being mean and spiteful, meet it with patience and kindness. See what the reaction is. If you are pure in your intent, there will be one of two reactions: either the spite will dissipate or it will attack. In either case, do not stop the experiment: watch how your friends and enemies alike respond to the holiness you bring into their lives. Watch how its presence in others affects you.
Not only will this confound the new atheists in our midst, it will bring joy back into this troubled world. And that is the real point of the Theophany of Our Lord.
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The Sunday before Theophany
On Repentance and Its Relationship to Beauty and Love
2 Timothy 4: 5-8; St. Mark 1: 1-8“Behold, I will send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way, the voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight;”
After me comes he who is mightier than I, the strap of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. I have baptized you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.”
Sandals – he knew humility (despite the many temptations he faced for pride!). The problem is that we don’t: we must listen to and heed St. John’s message (as found in St. Matthew 3:2); “Repent, for the kingdom of God is at hand”. This is not some prophecy of doom, but a revelation that God is among us – and the warning that we need to prepare if we are to meet Him well.
“We need to repent? We need to change? Why?” Some preachers might come at this by pointing out the many temptations that we succumb to, call us to account for the resulting sin, and explain the need for contrition, confession, and absolution. I want to come at it from a different direction: I want to focus on how this call for repentance flows naturally from one of the central components of our faith about the world and how it works. Specifically, I want to explain how an appreciation for the existence of beauty should naturally lead us towards repentance (and from repentance to glory).
Why come at it this way? Because I am concerned about our faith. There are strong attacks being made against Christianity, and I am not sure that people with a lukewarm and superficial faith can withstand them; people whose faith is not informed by deeper knowledge and experience will drift away. There is a sense in which that might be useful – I am not sure how much good a superficial belief does a person, and we have all seen first hand the detrimental effect that nominal Christians have on the internal life of our parishes, not to mention their witness to the broader community. God says of such people – through St. John the Theologian - that He will vomit such people out of His mouth (Revelation 3:15-17)! No one wants to be vomited out of the mouth of God – and we do not want it to happen.
This is why we must evangelize the lukewarm Christians in our midst. And it is not enough to give them a set of rules, describe how they have broken these rules, and then call them to repentance. Nor is it enough to give them more words that describe what it is that the true Christian believes or what Orthodoxy is. We must do everything we can so that they can personally experience the literal Truth of God’s grace. Ideally, this would happen through our worship together, but without an appreciation for the deeper nature of the things that worship taps into (the “Old Magic” as Aslan puts it in the Narnia series), it does little more than provide sentimental entertainment. People need to be taught so that they can enjoy the fruits of worship; they need to be taught so that they “may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand.” (Ephesians 6:13b) I am not talking about the removal of doubt, but the answer to every thinking Christian’s prayer; “Lord I believe; help me in my unbelief!” (St. Mark 9:24; St. Luke 17:5).
I think that one of the best ways to strengthen our faith and counter these new attacks – and especially the misleading reductionism of the militant atheists – is to focus on the fundamental existence of beauty, morality, and love and the implications of this ontology for us. Today I will focus on the sacramental ontology of beauty.
1. Beauty is basic, it is real, and it is eternal. When we say that something is “beautiful”, we do not mean that it interacts in a pleasurable way with the conglomeration of memories that culture and experience has put into our minds: we mean that it has a specific quality to it. It is beautiful. When we say that we like such a thing, what we really mean (or should mean, if we practice humility) is that it is actually likable. Yes, our description of beauty is filtered through our culture and experience - how could it not be? But there is a quality of beauty that flows into this world as a continual outpouring of the absolute Beauty of her creator. Just as the warmth of the sun points to the heat of that great star, so to does beauty serve as a sure sign that there is more to this world than our personal enjoyment of it.
2. Beauty is NOT for passive entertainment. It is interactive. Enjoyed properly, it draws us outside of ourselves as we participate in this special quality. We can be selfish in our encounter with it, simply appreciating how it makes us feel; but we get even more out of it when we release the tethers of selfishness and really lose ourselves in a good piece of art or music or, better yet, worship. When this happens, we experience something right and true: we encounter and commune with something wonderful outside of ourselves. And when the exhibition is over, the concert has ended, or we have come to the end of the book or movie or service; the memory of it awakens within us a longing for more. Our hearts have been enlarged by the time we have spent in communion with greatness. Beauty resonates within us and nourishes and increases our capacity for it. Once this process has begun, things change. After this, we find that when we are separated from Beauty, there is an ever larger empty space inside that needs to be filled. We want to enjoy it more; we want to fill our nights and days with it. We want it to become part of our lives – in, short, we want to become one with Beauty; to sacrifice everything for the sake of Goodness becomes our most earnest desire. Were such a consummation not possible, the existence of such transcendent Beauty would be the cause of the greatest despondency. But the Good News is that consummation is possible. God desires it and has satisfied our mutual longing through the Gift and Grace of His Son. This is the Gospel: that Beauty has become Incarnate not just so we can appreciate Beauty, but so that we can join Him in His Beauty. Through Him we can be made beautiful.
Which is simply another way to say that encounters with true beauty are sacramental (mysterious): something fundamental is revealed through them, and by participating in these encounters, the seed of glory within us is nourished and we become more beautiful, perfect, and godly ourselves. But this does not happen automatically.
3. Becoming beauty. There are many wrong ways to try this: we do not become beautiful through surgery or going to concerts or even just by coming to the Divine Liturgy (the greatest gift of beauty offered on this earth). We do it by embracing the deeper virtue. We do it by submitting ourselves to its logic and allowing it to transform our lives in its image. Let me paraphrase an old saw (how Michelangelo created David out of stone): if we want to become beautiful; then we start with what is already there and remove all the bits that aren’t right. If we want to participate in the experience of beauty, then we cannot do things that are ugly. We cannot be ugly ourselves. Which brings me to a critical point: it isn’t enough to look in the mirror to tell the difference between good and bad (beauty and ugliness) within us – our pride and psychoses do not let much of the truth in there. Our pride will either completely overlook many of our obvious warts and defects (perhaps even calling them “beauty marks” or, just as bad condemn things that are actually God-pleasing, No, we do not have enough discernment to affect the necessary changes on our own. We need help.
We need to turn our attention away from ourselves toward the source of beauty; the standard of perfection; the wellspring of everything that is good. Christ is Goodness and Beauty Incarnate. When we encounter Him, when we live our lives within the rays of the Sun of Righteousness, we will know the essence of beauty; we will desire more; and we will want to change our lives so that we can better bask in and reflect His glory.
Which is simply another way of saying not just that “Beauty will save the world, but “Repent, for the Kingdom of God is at hand.”
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Matthew 2: 13-23 (The Slaughter of the Innocents)
Herod (and us): from temptation to possessionFive Steps of Sin
The temptation (logismoi) occurs. We are NOT accountable for this. Interaction with the thought – what are the options? What would it look like? In his summary of Orthodox Spirituality in Mountain of Silence, Fr. Maximos (now Mp. Athanasios of Limassol) says that this is not sin, either. I disagree – a symptom of the disease we have is that it is all but impossible for us to imagine possibilities objectively. Consent to do the sin. This is always a sin, even if we do not carry out the action. Defeat to the idea. Not only is this sin, it weakens us to future temptations. Passion, obsession, or possession by the temptation.Let’s look at Herod’s descent into madness.
He had an idea to kill all of the male infants. This was not the only choice he had; others would have been less wicked – some may have even softened his heart enough to meet the Christ with joy. This was the temptation. What happened when he interacted with this idea? Moreover, what happened when he considered all the possibilities? Was it a simple cost-benefit calculation, comparing all the options about how to react to the birth of the prophesied Messiah? When he did the math, was it purely objective, or was the scale weighted in a certain direction by his feelings, feelings that were driven by his pride and desire to rule? Remember that, as the King of the Jews, the people of God, he could have brought the Christ child into his palace and raised Him there to rule. But that option was not the one that drew his attention – it was drawn towards murder. It was drawn towards regicide and the slaughter of as many lives as necessary to guarantee it. This was not because it was the best solution – it probably wasn’t even the best way to keep himself in power. But it felt right. And so of all the ideas, or all the logismoi, both sinful and graceful, he focused on this one. He imagined what it would look like, how it would work. Which takes us to consent. He consented to the idea. He entertained it, not just to imagine whether or not it could work or to figure out the best way to get it done – it was more than that. He chewed on it. And somewhere along the way, he made it happen. Next, he was defeated by it. Not just because he pulled the trigger, but because it came to define part of how he defined himself. He was a man who did whatever was necessary to keep himself in power. All other things were defined and valued in relationship to this identity, to this desire, to this obsession. And this is the final step – he was possessed by it. And here is a difficult truth about his path to possession: this was not the first time he had united himself with this kind of sin. He had assassinated rivals, to include his own wife, to consolidate his power. Even before that, he had waged war against his own people in order to capture Jerusalem. Not to free it from the Romans, but in cooperation with the Roman general Marc Antony in order to put himself in charge.Do you see how, once he had given in to sin – in this case, violence - for personal gain, it made it easier to do so in the future? All of his fallen psychology kicked in to make repentance more and more difficult. For example, the devaluation of the lives of others, the web of justifications and lies that he had to convince himself of in order to keep himself going? For someone like this, it takes a real wake-up call to get them to change. He got the call when the wise men came, but he didn’t just hit the snooze button, he threw away the clock.
“Send word so that I can go and worship Him myself.” Doesn’t that just drip with evil? How would Herod worship Him; with gifts? With prostrations? That is how the kings from the east did! Not at all. Quite the opposite.
What about us? The wide road to sin-full-ness
Now here is the rub. I’ve been describing Herod’s descent into madness, but that is the same wide road that beckons to us all.
What sins do we entertain? What sins do we chew on? Are we obsessed by? What wickedness have we justified so fully that we feel its evil as good?
And as if it wasn’t enough that each of us individually, thanks to ancestral sin, cannot imagine sin without engaging with it, we are surrounded by cultural systems that seek to deaden our instinct for the holy and replace it with other things, like hedonism and power and self-loathing and anything else that the marketers of the powers of the air can distract us with.
It's easy to see this happening in others. We know people who have fallen into all kinds of sin and justified it. They immerse themselves in an internet subculture and the next thing you know they are defining themselves in new ways that separate themselves from the good, the true, and the beautiful.
But it’s so hard to see this in ourselves. Herod had several baths of purification built into his temple. He was so far gone that he didn’t see the irony of maintaining ritual purity while living such a debauched and self-aggrandizing life. We should be very concerned lest we fall in the same way.
What sins do our own personalities, conditions, and cultures lead us to accept as normal or even good? How can we get around the unreliability of our feelings – what we like to call our consciences when it comes to seeking the good? How do we deal with the fact that we are so far from being able to see things as they are and weight alternatives objectively?
What then, can we do?
The first step is to admit that we have a problem. To admit that the “old man” we put to death during our baptism is not entirely dead.
The second step is to cultivate an instinct of humility, including the willingness to admit that we rarely as right as our self-confidence would have us believe.
The third is to build relationships of accountability and discernment. How do you react when people correct you or offer a version that differs from your own? Taking criticisms well is a sign of spiritual maturity. It’s one that tyrants, narcissists, and sociopaths don’t have. And it’s one that we are missing unless we work on it. But we need it. We need to have people in our lives that tell us the things that we miss, the things that we get wrong.
Herod skipped all these steps, and he died in his sin.
We have given our lives to Christ; we are called to something better than tyranny and the slaughter of innocents.
Let’s learn to live the kinds of lives – lives in communities of mutual love, trust, and support – that give no place for temptations to grow.
Let’s live in Christ, together.
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Sunday before the Nativity
Hebrews 11:9-10,17-23,32-40
St. Matthew 1:1-25After giving a refresher on motivated reasoning, Fr. Anthony notes how much context affects what we think about our ancestors from the genealogy of Christ. He then encourages us to tip the scales of our judgment so that we are more charitable towards people/things we are inclined to dislike, more skeptical towards people/things we are inclined to like, and generally more loving towards all. Enjoy the show!
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Today Fr. Anthony uses the simple theory of reading (word recognition x decoding -> reading comprehension) to talk about chanting and why it is so difficult for those new to Byzantine chant to learn it (because they do not have the equivalent of word recognition), especially if they cannot read music (because they have neither the equivalent of word recognition nor the ability to decode). Enjoy the show!
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Revelation 11
20 November 2024
Chapter 7Lawrence R. Farley, The Apocalypse of St. John: A Revelation of Love and Power, The Orthodox Bible Study Companion (Chesterton, IN: Ancient Faith Publishing, 2011).
Patrick Henry Reardon, Revelation: A Liturgical Prophecy (Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2018), 53.
Fr. Patrick Reardon.
The final preservation of God’s elect was foreshadowed in their deliverance at the time of the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.
This sealing with the mark of the true Paschal Lamb fulfilled the promise contained in that earlier marking of Israel with the sacrificial blood of its type (Ex 12:21–23). Both Ezekiel and Exodus are important for the understanding of this seal. Ezekiel’s reference was to the fall of Jerusalem in 587 BC, of which everyone was aware who saw the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70. The passage in Exodus 12 had to do with the last of the ten plagues visited upon Egypt, the slaying of the firstborn sons. This sealing in Revelation, then, involves a new Exodus, in which God’s people will be delivered, not left to share in the sin of the earthly Jerusalem.
Fr. Lawrence Farley: What is this seal? The image is drawn from Ezekiel 9. In this passage, angels were to slay all in Jerusalem that rebelled idolatrously against Yahweh. But before they began their dreadful task, one angel went through the city and, at the divine command, put “a mark” (in Hebrew a tau) on all who were faithful (Ezek. 9:4). To be thus marked on the forehead is to enjoy the protection of God and an immunity from coming judgment….
This time of great tribulation seems to last throughout the age, for in Matthew 24:29 the Second Coming is said to occur “immediately after the tribulation of those days.” The parallel version of this verse in Luke 21:24 seems to confirm this, for it describes what Matthew refers to as “great tribulation” as a time of “great distress upon the land … [the people] will fall by the edge of the sword and be led captive into all nations; and Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled”—that is, until the end of the age. Even the original prophecy of Daniel 12 states that the “time of tribulation” will be followed by the resurrection of the dead, when “many of those who sleep in the dust will awake” (Dan. 12:2).
It would seem then that in Matthew 24 the “great tribulation” is the age-long time of suffering for Israel that began with the destruction of the Temple in AD 70…
This understanding of “the great tribulation” (7:14) as the suffering of the Church throughout the age explains too the difference in the two crowds mentioned in this chapter. In 7:1–8, John receives a vision of the Church on earth, sealed and protected by God in preparation for their entering the final time of conflict. It is the Church of the final days. In 7:9–17, however, John sees a vaster multitude. This crowd comprises, not just the Church of the final days, but the Church gathered throughout all the centuries, coming from “the great tribulation,” the age-long struggle with the world. Unlike the former crowd, this multitude is vast beyond counting, stretching into the horizons of heaven. It is the Church glorified at last, fresh from its victorious struggle, an overwhelming testimony to the power of God.
- Visa fler
