Avsnitt
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Conférence - Naoko Shimazu : The Making of a Heroic War Myth in Modern Japan
War and Peace: A Global History of Japan, 1904-1943
Naoko Shimazu
Professor and Deputy Director, Tokyo College
Naoko Shimazu est invitée par l'assemblée du Collège de France sur proposition de la Pr Anne Cheng.
Résumé
Heroic war myths are an integral aspect of war in any cultural tradition. In modern warfare, the primary objective of heroic war myth is to arouse patriotic sentiment in order to mobilise the nation to fight an efficient and winning war. Modern Japan was no exception. Within Japan, the most powerful official heroic myth created from the Russo-Japanese war was Commander Takeo Hirose who died in the second blockade of Port Arthur on 27 March 1904. Within a few days of his death, Commander Hirose even began to assume the title of the 'God of War Commander Hirose' (Gunshin Hirose chūsa). In this lecture, we trace step by step how the myth of the 'God of War Commander Hirose' was created by the Naval History Section of the Japanese Imperial Navy as it started looking for a suitable individual as soon as the war started in February 1904. 'God of War Commander Hirose' became a household name and his appeal was such that many cultural outputs were created, such as a kabuki play, a Western style theatre play, commercial films, for instance. The Hirose myth reached its apogee in 1935 when the commander was venerated as a god of war in a shrine named after him – Hirose Shrine established in his native hometown in Oita Prefecture.
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Conférence - Naoko Shimazu : Japanese War Diaries from the Russo-Japanese War
War and Peace: A Global History of Japan, 1904-1943
Naoko Shimazu
Professor and Deputy Director, Tokyo College
Naoko Shimazu est invitée par l'assemblée du Collège de France sur proposition de la Pr Anne Cheng.
Résumé
The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 was the first modern warfare of the twentieth century. Japan won the war against Russia which had the largest land army in the world at the time. In this lecture, we focus on the personal war diaries of Japanese conscripts who had been conscripted from all over the country, and mobilised to fight against the Russians in the northeastern provinces of China. Contrary to the official narrative of 'honorable war death' where Japanese soldiers were supposed to have found honour in dying for the country, conscript diaries told entirely different stories. Many of the conscripts came from poor rural areas and were bread winners of their families. They wrote about their profound sadness in leaving their elderly parents back home, and their desire of surviving the war and return without injuries. We also learn about their attitude towards death on battlefields, when they witnessed and engaged in the business of fighting and killing as soldiers. Their diaries reveal the process of brutalisation in war as conscripts became accustomed to seeing death everywhere on battlefield. In all, conscripts diaries offers a rare glimpse into the emotional world of a conscript and how they processed their desftiny of dying for the state. In turn, such an insight enables us to have a better understanding of Japanese attitudes towards death.
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Saknas det avsnitt?
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Conférence - Takahiro Nakajima : Modern Japanese Sinology As an Imperial Discourse
Takahiro Nakajima est invité par l'assemblée du Collège de France sur proposition de la professeure Anne Cheng.
Résumé
The Organization of Philosophy as an Institution
Inoue Tetsujirō claimed to have introduced the now widely used distinction between Western and Eastern philosophy in his Congratulatory Address to the 25th-anniversary celebration of Religious Studies at the Faculty of Letters of Tokyo Imperial University in 1930.
When the University of Tokyo was founded in 1877, it reorganized Tokyo Kaisei School and established a Faculty of Letters. The faculty was divided into two departments: the first department included history, philosophy, and political science, while the second department covered Japanese and Chinese literature. Chinese and Indian philosophy, categorized as Eastern philosophy, were initially placed within the second department. After multiple restructurings, by 1904, a three-department system of philosophy, history, and literature was established, which remained in place during the Tokyo Imperial University era. Eventually, philosophy was divided into Western philosophy and Eastern philosophy, with the latter further split into Chinese philosophy and Indian philosophy. Today we are focusing on Chinese philosophy.
Confucianism as Morality
Hattori Unokichi was a leading scholar of Chinese philosophy then. His primary concern was Confucianism, which he argued was not a religion but a system of morality. His perspective was shaped by contemporary developments in China, where Kang Youwei and others sought to establish Kongjiao (Confucian Religion), attempting to redefine Confucianism as a formal religion akin to Christianity. This movement, initiated during the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 and briefly implemented in the early Republic of China (1910s), aimed to make Confucianism the spiritual foundation of modern China but ultimately failed to gain broad acceptance.
Hattori strongly opposed this movement, insisting that Confucianism should remain a moral philosophy devoid of religious elements. He criticized Kang Youwei and his followers for reinterpreting Confucius' statement "I have long prayed" to claim that he engaged in religious prayer. In contrast, Hattori argued that Confucius entirely rejected prayer. According to Hattori, Confucianism—or what he called Kōkyō—was not a religion but a secular ethical system.
The Philosophy of Empire
Hattori's Kōkyō was a moralized and ethicized version of Confucianism. By redefining Confucianism as philosophy or ethics rather than religion, he argued that it could achieve universal validity. To accomplish this, elements like prayer had to be eliminated. This process would make Confucianism universally acceptable and position Japan as its rightful successor and global advocate, replacing China. Hattori's emphasis on philosophy and ethics in Confucianism was driven by Japan's imperial ambitions, seeking to elevate itself as a leading intellectual and cultural power.
Takase Takejirō: Yōmei-ism and the Study of Mozi
Takase Takejirō, a modern Yangming (Yōmei) scholar, explored the relationship between Mozi and Christianity. He argued that Mozi's teachings closely resembled Christianity, particularly in their advocacy for universal love and opposition to war. During the interwar period between the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, Takase criticized Mozi for promoting ideas similar to Christian pacifism.
Criticism of Christianity as a religion had already been intensifying following the Uchimura Kanzō Disrespect Incident of 1891 and the publication of Inoue Tetsujirō's The Conflict Between Education and Religion (Keigyōsha, 1893). In response, Inoue promoted the concept of national morality, emphasizing the necessity of ethics to support the state. Modern Yōmei-ism became a key intellectual discourse supporting this ideology. Takase's critique of Mozi was developed within this broader historical and ideological context.
Takase Takejirō: Laozi-Zhuangzi Philosophy
Another major work by Takase was Laozi-Zhuangzi Philosophy (1909). At that time, European Oriental Studies were grappling with 19th-century scholarly concerns, particularly philology and comparative studies, in their efforts to interpret Eastern texts. A central debate in this field concerned the origins of Laozi: Were they derived from India, the Middle East, or uniquely Chinese?
Takase engaged with scholars such as Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat and Pierre Lafitte from France, Robert Douglas from Britain, and Paul Carus from the United States. His work reflected a struggle to position Laozi within global intellectual history.
European Orientalists sought to incorporate non-Western traditions into a comprehensible framework, often struggling to reconcile ancient texts with Christian theological concepts. In this context, Laozi presented a challenge due to its antiquity, predating Christian narratives. Takase's work was an attempt to engage with these global debates on the origins and significance of Chinese philosophy.
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - Conclusions et discussion générale
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Régis Meyran
FMSH
Annette Wieviorka
CNRS
Michel Wieviorka
EHESS
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - « Baby machine » du « Xinjiang » : le langage au service du projet racial et colonial chinois
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
Dilnur Reyhan
INALCO et Sciences Po Paris
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - Haro sur les « experts traîtres » ! Le nationalisme xénophobe et ses contradictions dans la Chine de la « nouvelle ère »
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
David Serfass
INALCO
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - La Chine comme mode d'emploi : discours et contre-discours sur le racisme anti-Asiatiques en France
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
Chuang Ya-han
INED et CERI
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - La fabrique transnationale d'un antiracisme chinois ? Wu Tingfang et le Premier congrès universel des races (1911)
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
Pierre Singaravélou
Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne et King's College, London
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - À l'ombre de la race. Politiques d'influence et savoirs pratiques sur la différence des corps dans la Chine du XIXe siècle
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
Clément Fabre
Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne
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Anne Cheng
Collège de France
Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine
Année 2024-2025
Colloque - Discours sur la race entre Europe et Chine - Le péril jaune, récit racial et panique morale
Colloque organisé par la Chaire d'Histoire intellectuelle de la Chine, sous la responsabilité scientifique d'un collectif composé d'Anne Cheng, Annette Wieviorka, Michel Wieviorka et Régis Meyran.
Régis Meyran
FMSH
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