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In this episode we’re delving into a topic that sits at the heart of how EU law functions: the principle of mutual trust. Though it's a technical subject, it's deeply intertwined with the existential questions about what the EU is and aspires to be. The principle of mutual trust isn’t just a legal precept; it’s a litmus test for the health of European integration itself.
C. Rizcallah, The principle of mutual trust in European Union law: an essential principle facing a crisis of values (2022, English edition)C. Rizcallah, Le principe de confiance mutuelle en droit de l'Union européenne : Un principe essentiel à l'épreuve d'une crise de valeurs (2020, French edition)C. Rizcallah, "The principle of mutual trust and the protection of fundamental rights in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A critical look at the Court of Justice’s stone-by-stone approach", Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 2023C. Rizcallah, "The Systemic Equivalence Test and the Presumption of Equivalent Protection in European Human Rights Law—A Critical Appraisal", German Law Journal 2023C. Rizcallah,"Mutual trust under the European Arrest Warrant and ongoing challenges for fundamental rights: Proposal for a unique reasoned risk-based test ", EU Law Live Weekend Edition No 174, February 2024Case C-7/98 Dieter KrombachMy Daughter's Killer (Netflix documentary)Case C-491/10 PPU Aguirre ZarragaCase C-261/22 G.N.Case C-163/17 Abubacarr JawoECtHR Romeo Castaño v Begium (8351/17)ECtHR Bivolaru and Moldovan v France (40324/16 and 12623/17)
Joining me is Cecilia Rizcallah. She is professor of European Law at the Brussels campus of UC Louvain and co-president of the newly established Belgian Association for European Union Law. Cecilia has published extensively on mutual trust, including a prize-winning book which is available in both French and English.
In our conversation, we unpack the principle of mutual trust through real case-law examples. We explore the challenges of applying that principle in civil law, in criminal law and in asylum law. And we discuss how this foundational principle is being tested by Europe's current "crisis of values".
Mentioned:
Amin Maalouf, Les Identités meurtrières (In the name of identity: violence and the need to belong)Gisèle Halimi and Annick Cojean, Une farouche liberté (A fierce freedom)Green Border (movie directed by Agnieszka Holland)
Recommendations:
The launch event of the Belgian Association for EU Law (BEDER) will be held on November 22, 2024, at 4 PM at the Egmont Palace in Brussels. Attendance is reserved for BEDER members. Not a member yet? Contact [email protected] to join.
Comments? Guest suggestions? Email me at [email protected]. -
My guest in this episode is Daniel Sarmiento. He is the editor in chief of EU Law Live, an online platform launched in 2020 that has taken the world of EU law by storm. But he’s also a lawyer and a professor whose academic writing is informed by his work as a legal practitioner.
EU Law Live: https://eulawlive.comD. Sarmiento and M. Beltrán, Un Tribunal para la Constitución (documentary)D. Sarmiento, ‘The “overruling technique” at the Court of Justice of the European Union’, European Journal of Legal Studies, 2023D. Sarmiento, ‘The Silent Lamb and the Deaf Wolves: The Role of Silent Judgments in EU Law’, in Constitutional Pluralism in the European Union and Beyond, Hart 2011C. Sunstein, One Case At A Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court, Harvard University Press 1999D. Sarmiento, ‘Half a case at a time: dealing with judicial minimalism at the European Court of Justice’, in: Constitutional conversations in Europe, Intersentia 2012D. Sarmiento, ‘Who’s Afraid of the Charter?’, Common Market Law Review 2013J.H.H. Weiler, ‘Does the European Union Truly Need a Charter of Rights?’, European Law Journal, June 2000D. Sarmiento and J.H.H. Weiler, ‘The EU Judiciary After Weiss: Proposing A New Mixed Chamber of the Court of Justice’, Verfassungsblog, 2 June 2020Keck (C-267/91)Metock (C-127/08)Link Logistic (C-384/17) & NE (C-205/20)Diego Porras (C-596/14) & Grupo Norte (C-527/16)HAG I (192/73) & HAG II (C-10/89)Taricco (C-105/14) & M.A.S. and M.B. (C-42/17)Centraal Israëlitische Consistorie van België (C-336/19)Ruiz Zambrano (C-34/09)Åkerberg Fransson (C-617/10)Melloni (C-399/11)
We talk about the creation of the Spanish Constitutional Court, about how the Court of Justice changes its mind, about ‘silent judgments’ and judicial minimalism, and about the impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. What ties all these different topics together, is a basic insight that underpins all of Sarmiento's work, namely that law is made of practice, not of theory.
Mentioned:Recommended:
Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong, The Brethren: Inside the Supreme CourtJürgen Habermas, Between Facts and NormsPoems by Antonio MachadoComments? Guest suggestions? Email me at [email protected].
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On 21 December, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered three high profile rulings in the field of sports: Superleague, International Skating Union and Royal Antwerp Football Club. Earlier this year, I spoke to Miguel Poiares Maduro about EU law and sports. So I decided to call him up to ask if he could give us his take on these three recent judgments. Enjoy this bonus episode of Europa Felix!
Case C-333/21 European Superleague CompanyCase C-124/21 International Skating UnionCase C-680/21 Royal Antwerp Football ClubJudgment of the European Court of Human Rights (Third Section) in Semenya v Switzerland (11 July 2023)
Mentioned:
With special thanks to Aurelia Leeuw.
Comments? Guest suggestions? Email me at [email protected] -
Deze aflevering gaat over de Brexit-onderhandelingen. Nu het Verenigd Koninkrijk geen lidstaat meer is van de EU, vormen twee verdragen het fundament van de relatie tussen de EU en het Verenigd Koninkrijk: het Terugtrekkingsakkoord, onderhandeld tussen 2017 en 2019, en de Handels- en Samenwerkingsovereenkomst, onderhandeld in 2020.
Stefaan De Rynck, Inside the Deal: How the EU got Brexit done (2023)A New Settlement for the UK within the EU (2016)Akkoord inzake de Terugtrekking (2019)Handels- en Samenwerkingsovereenkomst (2021)The Windsor Framework (2023)
In 2020 maakte ik deel uit van het UK Task Force van Michel Barnier en ik denk soms met verbazing terug aan wat er in dat ene jaar allemaal gebeurde. De geladen sfeer in de onderhandelingen. Het politieke spektakel. De persconferenties. De vergaderingen tot diep in de nacht. De onderhandelingssessies tijdens de COVID-lockdowns.
Iemand die er al vanaf het begin bij was — als naaste adviseur van Barnier — is Stefaan De Rynck. En hij heeft er een boek over geschreven: “Inside the Deal: How the EU Got Brexit Done”. In dat boek beschrijft hij de Brexit-onderhandelingen vanuit het EU-perspectief en analyseert hij de misvattingen die er destijds bestonden aan de zijde van het VK. Ik interview hem over zijn boek en samen kijken we terug op deze verbijsterende periode uit de Europese integratiegeschiedenis.
Genoemd:Aanbevelingen:
Marcella Hazan, Essentials of Classic Italian CookingAlan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation StateFintan O'Toole, Heroic Failure: Brexit and the politics of painVragen? Opmerkingen? Gastsuggesties? Schrijf naar [email protected].
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In deze aflevering gaat het over klimaatrechtszaken tegen de Staat: juridische procedures om overheden ertoe te dwingen de klimaatcrisis het hoofd te bieden. De voorloper van dit soort procedures is de zaak van Stichting Urgenda tegen de Nederlandse Staat. Maar inmiddels zijn er wereldwijd tientallen vergelijkbare zaken gevoerd. Er is nu ook een eerste lichting klimaatzaken aanhangig bij het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens. De grote vraag in al deze zaken is: zal het Hof een schending vaststellen van het EVRM en zal het op die manier overheden in Europa verplichten om meer te doen tegen klimaatverandering?
Klimaatzaak UrgendaKelderluik-arrestKalimijnen-arrestClimate Case IrelandBVerfG, Klimaschutz (Luisa Neubauer-zaak)European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change, Scientific advice for the determination of an EU-wide 2040 climate target and a greenhouse gas budget for 2030–2050EHRM, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland (53600/20)EHRM, Carême v. France (7189/21)Conseil d’État, Commune de Grande-Synthe (N° 427301)EHRM, Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and 32 Others (39371/20)The Climate Litigation NetworkGlobal Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2023 snapshot (London School of Economics)Climate Change Litigation Database (Columbia Law School, Sabin Center)
Te gast is Dennis van Berkel. Hij is Legal Counsel van Stichting Urgenda, was destijds nauw betrokken bij de Urgenda zaak en is mede-oprichter van het Climate Litigation Network, een expertise-netwerk dat mensen en organisaties over de hele wereld aanmoedigt en helpt bij het voeren van klimaatzaken. We beginnen ons gesprek natuurlijk bij de Urgenda-uitspraak, maar we hebben het ook over andere zaken binnen en buiten Europa. We spreken over de invloed van klimaatzaken, over de rolverdeling tussen de rechter en de politiek, en over het klimaatbeleid in Nederland en in de EU. Bovendien vraag ik hem wat Europees recht-juristen kunnen doen om hun steen bij te dragen aan het aanpakken van de klimaatcrisis.
Genoemd:
Greta Thunberg, Het KlimaatboekFriederieke Otto, Angry WeatherMariana Mazzucato, Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism
Aanbevelingen:
Deze aflevering bevat geluidsfragmenten uit de webcasts van de hoorzittingen in Carème t. Frankrijk en Verein KlimaSeniorinnen t. Zwitserland. Je hoort achtereenvolgens: Diego Colas (voor Frankrijk), Jessica Simor (voor Verein KlimaSeniorinnen), Alain Chablais (voor Zwitserland), Catherine Donnelly (voor Ierland); Jessica Simor; Corinne Lepage (voor Damien Carème); en Síofra O'Leary (President van het Hof). Bron: https://www.echr.coe.int/webcasts-of-hearin -
In his book 'Postwar' the historian Tony Judt wrote of the ‘largely un-European mental universe of most Europeans’. Yet, he also identified one ubiquitous exception: sports – and especially football, ‘a game without frontiers, for players, managers and spectators alike’. He even wrote: ‘What really united Europe, is football.’
Miguel Poiares Maduro, 'EU Law and Sports: A Match Made in Hell or in Heaven?', in: Adams-Prassl and others (eds.), The Internal Market Ideal: Essays in Honour of Stephen Weatherill, Oxford University Press 2024Stephen Weatherill, Never let a good fiasco go to waste: why and how the governance of European football should be reformed after the demise of the ‘SuperLeague’Tony Judt, Postwar: A history of Europe since 1945Case C-415/93 Jean-Marc Bosman and othersCase C-333/21 European Superleague Company v UEFA and FIFACase C-680/21 SA Royal Antwerp Football ClubCase C-124/21 P International Skating Union v CommissionECtHR, Mutu and Pechstein v Switzerland (40575/10 and 67474/10)
Whether or not that’s true, it’s hard to deny that sports are a major part of social and economic life in Europe. How sport is governed, how it is regulated and by whom, is a question that is worth taking seriously. And it’s a question on which EU law has something to say. There is a modest amount of case-law from the European Court of Justice on sports and there are several more cases currently pending: the Royal Antwerp Football Club-case, the International Skating Union-case and, of course, the Super League-case.
My guest in this episode definitely takes football seriously. His name is Miguel Poiares Maduro. He’s an academic and political commentator, a former minister in the Portuguese government, a former member of the European Court of Justice, and an incurable fan of football. He recently wrote an essay called ‘EU Law and Sports: A Match Made in Hell or in Heaven?’ The essay draws on his expertise as an EU constitutional lawyer, on his acuity as an observer of political institutions, and on his personal experience as Chair of the Governance Committee of FIFA.
He argues that the way in which European football is governed today needs to change and that the European Union is best placed to bring international sports organisations in line with principles of democracy and good governance. We talk about the European Model of Sports. About the Super League case. About the conflicts of interest that currently plague sports governance bodies. And about the Court of Arbitration for Sport. I ask him what he thinks the EU should do, and why he believes that discussing sports governance can help us gain a deeper insight in the soul of European integration.
Mentioned:
Neil K. Komesar, Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics and Public PolicyJ.H.H. Weiler, The Constitution of Europe: 'Do the new clothes have an emperor' and other essays on European integrationFriedrich Dürrenmatt, Justiz (The Execution of Justice)
Book recommendations:
Comments? Guest suggestions? Email me at [email protected] -
In deze aflevering spreek ik met misschien wel het beroemdste schrijversduo in het EU-recht: Koen Lenaerts en Piet Van Nuffel. Beiden zijn professor aan de KU Leuven. Ze zijn ook allebei sleutelfiguren in de Europese rechtspraktijk. Piet Van Nuffel is senior expert bij de Juridische Dienst van de Europese Commissie. Koen Lenaerts is de President van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie.
Koen Lenaerts & Piet Van Nuffel, Europees Recht (zevende editie), 2023Koen Lenaerts, Piet Van Nuffel, Tim Corthaut, EU Constitutional Law, 2022Zaak C-673/16 ComanZaak C-561/19 Consorzio Italian ManagementUnited States Supreme Court, Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015)Justitieel Netwerk van de Europese Unie
Samen verzorgen ze al decennia lang één van de klassieke handboeken over het Europees recht: de vuistdikke ‘Lenaerts & Van Nuffel’. Op het eerste gezicht is dat een typisch ‘black letter law’ boek, een zorgvuldige beschrijving en systematisering van het Unierecht. Maar als je beter kijkt, zie je dat er al vanaf de allereerste druk een visie achter het boek schuilt: een visie van het EU-recht als grondwettelijk recht dat integraal deel uitmaakt van het nationaal recht. De Engelse zuster-editie van het boek verscheen zelfs van meet af aan onder de titel ‘Constitutional law of the European Union’.
In het Nederlands heet het boek simpelweg ‘Europees recht’. De nieuwe editie is pas verschenen. Een mooie aanleiding om eens met beide auteurs aan tafel te gaan zitten. Ik vraag ze hoe hun jarenlange samenwerking is begonnen. We spreken over de constitutionele verdieping van de Unie, over democratische legitimiteit, en over het belang van nationale rechters én advocaten in het Europese rechtssysteem. Stuk voor stuk grote thema’s en er passeren dan ook allerlei onderwerpen de revue in dit dubbelgesprek: het Coman-arrest over erkenning van het huwelijk tussen mensen van hetzelfde geslacht, Jürgen Habermas en het idee van ‘deliberatieve democratie’, het belang van het Erasmus-programma, en zelfs de Griekse revolutie van 1821.
Genoemd:
J.J. Voskuil, Het Bureau-reeksKazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the DayMark Schaevers, OrgelmanIan Kershaw, To Hell and Back & The Global Age (The Penguin History of Europe Series)Mark Mazower, The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern EuropeAnu Bradford, The Brussels Effect
Aanbevelingen:
Ideeën? Gastsuggesties? Stuur een email naar: [email protected] -
My guest in this episode is Tamara Ćapeta, Advocate General at the European Court of Justice and law professor at the University of Zagreb. Our main topic of conversation is legal realism, a topic on which she has written several academic articles.
It’s tempting to misconstrue legal realism as a cynical, 'anything goes'-approach to the law. But in Ćapeta‘s writings and in this interview, legal realism emerges as a form of judicial modesty. She argues that the idea that legal questions have a single, correct answer is basically a myth, and hat courts would gain credibility if judges acknowledged more openly that their legal decisions are choices, instead of objective truths.
I ask her what it’s like to be Advocate General and if it has changed her perspective on judicial decision-making. We talk about legal reasoning and objectivity. We discuss if artificial intelligence can replace judges. We talk about transparency in court rulings, about whether the Court of Justice should allow dissenting opinions, and about imagining different realities — in law and in science fiction.
T. Ćapeta, ‘Ideology and Legal Reasoning at the Court of Justice’, in: Ćapeta and Rodin (eds.), The Transformation of Reconstitution of Europe, 2018.T. Ćapeta, ‘Do Judicial Decision-Making and Quantum Mechanics Have Anything in Common? A Contribution to Realist Theories of Adjudication at the CJEU’, in: Belov (ed.), The Role of Courts in Contemporary Legal Orders, 2019.N. Bačić Selanec and T. Ćapeta, ‘The Rule of Law and Adjudication of the Court of Justice of the European Union’, in: Ćapeta, Goldner Lang and Perišin (eds.), The Changing European Union, 2022.T. Ćapeta, ‘Of Judges and Robots’, in: Pavliha and others, Izzivi prava v življenjski resničnosti: Liber amicorum Marko Ilešič, 2017.Case 59/85 ReedCase 41/74 Van Duyn v Home OfficeCase 91/92 Faccini Dori v Recreb
Mentioned:
Liu Cixin, The Three-Body Problem trilogyYuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of HumankindDavid Mitchell, Cloud Atlas
Book recommendations:
Special thanks to Alessandro Spina, Jacco Bomhoff and Mislav Mataija.
Comments? Guest suggestions? Email me at [email protected]. -
My guest for this episode is Julio Baquero Cruz — novelist, translator, professor of EU law, and member of the Legal Service of the Commission.
Julio Baquero Cruz, What’s Left of the Law of Integration?, Oxford University Press 2018Julio Baquero Cruz, Karlsruhe and its Discontents, EUI Working Paper, 2022Pierre Pescatore, Le Droit de l’Intégration: émergence d’un phénomène nouveau dans les relations internationales (1972)Walter Benjamin, Theses on the Philosophy of History (1940)Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (1992)Margeret Thatcher, Speech at the College of Europe (1988)Angela Merkel, Speech at the College of Europe (2010)Olaf Scholz, Europe is our future, Speech at Charles University Prague (2022)C-62/14 GauweilerC-493/17 WeissBVerfG Gauweiler (2016)BVerfG Weiss (2020)BVerfG Lissabon (2009)BVerfG Maastricht (1993)BVerfG Honeywell (2010)
In 2018 he published a book called ‘What’s left of the law integration?’ in which he observes that the European Union is going through a difficult period, a traversée du désert. He describes the waning of the initial impetus behind European integration and a resurgence of the idea that the nation state is the ultimate political unit. He notices signs of decline in European law, even signs of disintegration. But the book is not defeatist. He also describes acts of resistance, especially in the case-law of the Court of Justice. More importantly, he encourages us to look again at the beginnings of the law of integration to find new meaning for European law today.
Julio's book combines philosophical contemplation with legal-technical detail, and so does my conversation with him. We talk about one of the founding fathers of the law of integration, Pierre Pescatore. We discuss political speeches, from Thatcher to Merkel to Scholz. We take a deep dive into the Weiss judgment of the German Constitutional Court. We talk about the theory that European integration was mainly a means of ‘rescuing’ the nation state. And finally, I ask him how we can reclaim the law of integration.
Mentioned:Book recommendations:
V.S. Naipaul, The Enigma of ArrivalW.G. Sebald, The Rings of SaturnOlga Tokarczuk, FlightsComments? Guest suggestions? Email me at [email protected].
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In deze aflevering spreek ik met Pauline Phoa, docent Europees Recht aan de Universiteit Utrecht, kunstenaar, en auteur van het boek ‘EU Law as a Creative Process’, dat onlangs werd bekroond met de dissertatieprijs van het Praemium Erasmianum. In dat boek neemt ze arresten van het Hof van Justitie onder de loep over Europees burgerschap en over databescherming. Maar eigenlijk gaat haar boek niet over burgerschap of databescherming, maar over de diepere lagen in de argumentatie en het taalgebruik van het Hof.
In een recent interview zei Phoa: ‘Het recht kan op allerlei, meer of minder subtiele manieren medeplichtig zijn bij het in stand houden van onrecht: soms wordt aan de oppervlakte wel gesproken over mensenrechten, maar dragen de diepere lagen in argumentatie en taalgebruik toch nog bij aan onderdrukking of ontkenning.’ In het gesprek dat ik met haar heb, gaan we hier dieper op in.
Pauline Phoa, EU Law as a Creative Process. A hermeneutic approach for the EU internal market and fundamental rights protection, Europa Law Publishing 2021C-184/99 GrzelczykC-333/13 DanoC-58/96 Martinez SalaC-131/12 Google SpainC-293/12 & C-594/12 Digital Rights IrelandC-67/14 AlimanovicC-299/14 García-NietoC-308/14 Commissie/Verenigd KoninkrijkEHRM, Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica and Others v the Netherlands, 65542/12
We hebben het over hoe het juridisch ambacht onlosmakelijk verweven is met taal, en hoe taalgebruik onlosmakelijk verweven is met ethiek. We hebben het over het Dano-arrest en over de ‘eigen stem’ van het Hof. Over haar ervaringen als medewerkster bij het Gerecht van de Europese Unie. Over het feit dat er geen echte opleiding bestaat voor referendarissen. Over de Moeders van Srebrenica. Over hoe mooi èn nutteloos het werk van Dworkin is. En ze legt uit hoe je, door te leren tekenen, kan groeien als jurist.
Genoemd:Aanbevelingen:
Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into ValuesErnst F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful. A Study of Economics as if People MatteredBetty Edwards, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain
Met dank aan Jacco Bomhoff voor zijn hulp bij de voorbereiding van deze aflevering.
Ideeën? Gastsuggesties? Stuur een email naar: [email protected]
