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In today’s episode, we delve into the extraordinary life of Imam Hasan Ali Shah Aga Khan I—a visionary leader who reshaped the destiny of the Nizari Ismaili community.
Born in 1804 in Persia, Aga Khan I was destined for greatness, inheriting a rich spiritual legacy as a descendant of the Fatimid Caliphs and the Prophet Muhammad. Tragedy struck early when his father, Shah Khalilullah, was assassinated in 1817, catapulting the then-13-year-old Hasan Ali Shah into a role of immense responsibility. With the unwavering support of his determined mother, Bibi Sarkara, and the endorsement of Qajar ruler Fath Ali Shah—who honored him with the title “Aga Khan”—his remarkable journey began.
In our conversation today, we’ll trace his path from his early days in Persia to his transformative governorship in Kerman. There, he initiated sweeping reforms, modernizing infrastructure and boosting trade, all while navigating the perilous politics of a turbulent empire. When mounting pressure from the central Qajar authority forced him into exile, his resilient spirit led him on a daring escape through the harsh terrains of Baluchistan to the sanctuary of Herat, Afghanistan.
It was in Herat that a strategic alliance with the British during the First Anglo-Afghan War not only saved him but also set the stage for his next chapter. By 1847, Aga Khan I had relocated to Bombay, where his leadership over the Khoja Ismaili community was cemented with a landmark legal victory—the 1866 Aga Khan Case—that unified his followers and secured their communal legacy.
Join us as we explore this epic tale of resilience, strategic brilliance, and enduring faith—a story that laid the foundation for a modern, globally interconnected Ismaili community.
Timeline of Hasan Ali Shah Aga Khan I’s Life and Legacy - 1804: Born in Kahak, Persia, to Shah Khalil Allah.
- 1817: Becomes 46th Nizari Ismaili Imam after his father’s death.
- 1834: Appointed Governor of Kerman by Fath Ali Shah Qajar.
- 1840: Faces Qajar ultimatum; resists and loses Kerman.
- 1841: Retreats through Baluchistan to Herat, Afghanistan.
- 1841–1842: Aids British in Sindh during First Anglo-Afghan War.
- 1847: Relocates to Bombay, India.
- 1866: Wins Aga Khan Case, affirming his Imamate over Khojas.
- 1881: Dies in Bombay; buried in Hasanabad.
- 1881–1885: Aga Khan II (Aga Ali Shah) reigns briefly.
- 1885: Aga Khan III (Sultan Muhammad Shah) succeeds at age eight.
- 1957: Aga Khan IV (Shah Karim Al-Hussaini) becomes 49th Imam.
- 2025: Aga Khan V (Shah Rahim Aga Khan) ascends as 50th Imam on February 4.
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Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani was a key figure in Ismaili philosophy during the Fatimid Caliphate, integrating Neoplatonism, Aristotelian logic, and Islamic theology to develop a sophisticated vision of knowledge, reason, and divine guidance. His seminal work, Rahāt al-‘Aql (“The Peace of the Intellect”), shaped Ismaili thought on cosmology, metaphysics, and the role of the Imam.
Though details of his life remain obscure, his writings reveal his active engagement in theological and philosophical debates, defending Ismaili doctrine against Sunni theologians, rival Ismaili factions, and broader Islamic intellectual trends. His interactions with figures like al-Farabi and Avicenna position him within a wider philosophical discourse, though his approach to divine authority and ta’wil (esoteric interpretation) was uniquely Ismaili.
This podcast provides an overview of al-Kirmani’s life, works, and influence, situating him within both Ismaili history and medieval Islamic thought.
Timeline of Main Events
909-1171 CE: The Fatimid Caliphate rises to power, establishing itself as a major Islamic dynasty rooted in Ismaili Shi'a doctrine.
c. 970 CE: Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani is likely born in Persia (modern-day Iran).
996-1021 CE: Reign of Fatimid Caliph-Imam al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, during which the Fatimid Caliphate reaches its zenith and Cairo becomes a center of intellectual life.
1005 CE: The Dar al-'Ilm (House of Knowledge) is founded in Cairo.
Early 1000s CE: Al-Kirmani joins the Fatimid da'wa (missionary network) and becomes a leading Ismaili theologian.
c. 1017 CE: A dissident group led by Muhammad al-Darazi begins promoting the idea that al-Hakim is a divine incarnation.
1017 CE: Al-Kirmani writes Rahat al-'Aql ("The Peace of the Intellect"), defending Fatimid Ismaili doctrine against internal and external challenges.
1020 CE: Al-Kirmani is sent to Iraq by Fatimid authorities to counter pro-Twelver influence.
1021 CE: al-Hakim disappears mysteriously. Al-Kirmani defends the legitimacy of Imam-Caliph al-Hakim’s rule against Sunni and Twelver critics. The mainstream Fatimid authorities distance themselves from the Druze.
c. 1030 CE: Al-Kirmani writes al-Aqwal al-Dhahabiyya ("The Golden Sayings"), summarizing his theological insights.
c. 1050 CE: Al-Kirmani is believed to have died.
1171 CE: The Fatimid Caliphate falls.
1201-1274: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian intellectual, absorbs many of al-Kirmani’s metaphysical and esoteric principles.
Later centuries: Al-Kirmani's works become foundational texts for later generations of Ismaili thinkers, including the Nizari Ismailis and the Tayyibi Ismailis.
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Nasir-i Khusraw was a Persian poet, philosopher, and Ismaili missionary whose writings continue to inspire scholars and seekers of wisdom. Born in 1004 CE in Balkh, he initially lived a life of courtly luxury but experienced a profound spiritual awakening through a visionary dream. This led him to renounce his prestigious position and embark on a seven-year journey in search of truth, ultimately finding his answers in the teachings of Ismaili Islam in Cairo under the Fatimid Caliphate.
As a da’i of the Fatimid Imam, he sought to spread Ismaili thought upon his return to Khorasan but faced persecution from the Seljuk authorities and religious orthodoxy. Forced into exile in Badakhshan, he spent his remaining years writing, teaching, and guiding his followers. His works—philosophical treatises, poetry, and the Safarnama (travelogue)—provide invaluable insights into medieval Islamic thought and spirituality. This book explores his life, transformation, philosophy, and lasting influence, bringing to life the world he inhabited and the timeless wisdom of his words.
Timeline of Nasir-i Khusraw's Life and Key Events:
1004 CE: Nasir-i Khusraw is born in Balkh, Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan).
Early Life: Raised in a privileged family connected to the Persian bureaucratic class. Immersed in Persian and Arabic scholarship, including the Qur'an, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy (including the works of Avicenna/Ibn Sina), and poetry. Serves in the Ghaznavid and Seljuk courts as a tax collector and administrator.
Around Age 40 (c. 1044): Growing dissatisfaction with worldly pleasures and corruption in the courts.
1045 CE: Nasir-i Khusraw experiences a transformative dream/vision. A celestial voice commands him to seek knowledge and the path of truth. He resigns from his position and leaves Balkh.
1045-1052 CE (Seven-Year Journey):Travels westward from Balkh to Nishapur.
Spends time in Nishapur, engaging in debates with theologians and scholars.Travels through Persia and Mesopotamia to Baghdad.Visits Mecca and Medina for the Hajj pilgrimage.Arrives in Cairo, the seat of the Fatimid Caliphate.Studies at the Dar al-Ilm (House of Knowledge) in Cairo, embracing Ismaili Islam.Meets the Fatimid Imam, al-Mustansir Billah, who instructs him to return to his homeland and spread the truth.1052 CE: Returns to Khorasan as a Da'i (missionary) of Ismaili Islam.
1052-1077 CE:Begins preaching in Balkh, stirring controversy and facing opposition from Sunni Seljuk authorities and religious orthodoxy.
Flees persecution and is forced into exile.Finds refuge in the remote mountainous region of Badakhshan (Yumgan), where he establishes a community of followers.Spends the rest of his life in Badakhshan writing philosophical treatises, poetry (Diwan), and his travelogue (Safarnama).Around 1077 CE: Nasir-i Khusraw dies in Badakhshan.
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Qadi al-Numan ibn Muḥammad (d. 974 CE) was one of the most influential figures in the history of the Ismaili movement and the Fatimid Caliphate. As the chief jurist and historian of the Fatimids, his works not only codified the legal foundations of the Ismaili daʿwa but also established a lasting intellectual and theological framework for the community. His magnum opus, Daʿāʾim al-Islām (The Pillars of Islam), remains a cornerstone of Fatimid jurisprudence and continues to be studied by scholars of Ismaili law. Beyond his contributions to law, al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān played a critical role in shaping the intellectual traditions of the Fatimids, preserving key theological and historical narratives that defended and legitimized the Imamate. His relationship with the Fatimid Imams, particularly al-Mahdi, al-Qāʾim, al-Manṣūr, and al-Muʿizz, positioned him as a crucial intermediary between the ruling elite and the broader Ismaili community. This podcast explores his life, works, and legacy in detail, covering his legal, theological, and historical contributions. Through an examination of his writings and their impact, we will gain deeper insight into how he helped shape the religious and political institutions of the Fatimid state.
He served four successive Fatimid Imams:
1. Al-Mahdi Billah (r. 909–934) – The founder of the Fatimid Caliphate, who laid the ideological and political foundation of the empire.
2. Al-Qāʾim bi-Amrillāh (r. 934–946) – Expanded the Fatimid state and defended its legitimacy against Abbasid and Umayyad opposition.
3. Al-Manṣūr Billah (r. 946–953) – Strengthened the Fatimid empire and quelled internal revolts, during which al-Nuʿmān played a crucial role in legal and political matters.
4. Al-Muizz li-Dīnillāh (r. 953–975) – Oversaw the Fatimid conquest of Egypt and the foundation of Cairo. Under his reign, al-Nuʿmān completed Daʿāʾim al-Islām, cementing his legacy.
Al-Nuʿmān was not merely a jurist but a trusted advisor and chronicler of the Fatimid state. His proximity to the Imams granted him unparalleled insight into Fatimid governance and theology.
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Al-Qadi al-Numan ibn Muhammad (d. 974 CE) was a pivotal figure in the Fatimid Caliphate—a chief jurist, historian, and theologian. As the architect of Fatimid-Ismaili jurisprudence, he authored Daʿāʾim al-Islām and numerous other influential works. He served under four Ismaili Imams:
Al-Mahdi Billah (r. 909–934 CE) – Founder of the Fatimid Caliphate; Al-Numan entered Fatimid service under his reign.
Al-Qāʾim bi-Amrillāh (r. 934–946 CE) – Fatimid Imam; Al-Numan continued his service.
Al-Manṣūr Billah (r. 946–953 CE) – Fatimid Imam; Al-Numan remained a key figure.
Al-Muʿizz li-Dīnillāh (r. 953–975 CE) – Fatimid Imam; Al-Numan played a crucial role in shaping Fatimid legal and theological thought.
Majalis and Its Teachings
The Majalis of Qadi Numan, as discussed in this podcast, presents a series of discourses on the expected conduct and devotion of the Imam’s followers. Translated by Professors Jawad Muscati and A. Moulvi, these texts emphasize fundamental themes such as unwavering devotion, sincere love, absolute obedience, and deep reverence for the Imams.
A central concept in the Majalis is “amanat”—the duty of fulfilling commitments and returning trusts to the Imams, symbolizing loyalty to God and the Prophet. Rooted in Quranic principles, Majalis serves as a spiritual guide, fostering a sincere and profound relationship with the Imam through faith, obedience, and moral integrity.
Teachings Across Different Eras
The Ancient Past (Time of God and the Prophets)God establishes devotion to Himself, the Prophet, and spiritual leaders as a duty (Majlis 1).The Prophet Muhammad identifies Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husain as his “kith and kin,” whose love is enjoined upon Muslims (Majlis 2).God commands the return of amanat (trusts/deposits) to their rightful owners (Majlis 3).God makes a covenant with the momin (believers) (Majlis 5).The Time of the ImamsThe Imams emphasize Wilayat (spiritual authority) and submission to the Imamat (Majlis 1).Imams such as Abu Jafar Muhammad al-Baqir and Jafar al-Sadiq stress love for the Ahl al-Bayt (Majlis 2).Imam Jafar al-Sadiq teaches that deposits must be returned, even to enemies (Majlis 3).Imam Husain ibn Ali describes the varying levels of reward based on love and support for the Imams (Majlis 3).Imam Jafar al-Sadiq defines friendship and enmity based on a person’s associates (Majlis 12).Imam Muhammad al-Baqir outlines the qualities of his true followers (Majlis 12).The Imams are the gates of God (Majlis 6).Imam Jafar al-Sadiq instructs followers to be “silent propagandists” through righteous deeds (Majlis 7).The Present Time (Qadi Numan’s Era)Qadi Numan writes to instruct and guide the followers of the Imam on their duties and conduct.His teachings emphasize love, respect, and obedience to the Imam.He underscores the importance of fulfilling amanat, keeping pledges, sincerity, and loving those who love the Imam.Through anecdotes and reasoned arguments, he seeks to persuade readers to adhere to these principles.The Majalis remains a profound spiritual guide, reinforcing the eternal bond between the Imam and his followers, rooted in faith, loyalty, and ethical responsibility.
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This podcast discusses the paper on The Ismaili Path to Spiritual Enlightenment. It’s a reflective guide to spiritual growth in the Ismaili tradition. It emphasizes the role of the Imam of the Time as a living source of divine guidance and explores various aspects of the path including inner illumination, knowledge, zhikr (remembrance), ethical living, and overcoming spiritual challenges.
Key Themes:
The Inner Light – Every individual has a divine spark within, which can be nurtured through reflection, knowledge, and devotion. The Imam of the Time serves as the guiding light to help believers recognize and strengthen this inner illumination. Knowledge as a Spiritual Path – True knowledge is more than information; it is wisdom that transforms the soul. The book highlights the importance of seeking divine wisdom through the teachings of the Imam and reflecting on God’s signs in creation. Zhikr and Remembrance – Constant remembrance of God (zhikr) is a way to stay spiritually centered. The Imam’s presence is described as the highest form of zhikr, helping believers experience divine closeness in their daily lives. Ethical Living – Spiritual enlightenment is not just about inner awareness but also about how one lives. The book illustrates the importance of justice, compassion, and integrity, drawing from examples of Imam Ali’s moral leadership. Overcoming Spiritual Challenges – Faith is tested through hardships, and patience is key to spiritual growth. The Imam provides wisdom to navigate these struggles, teaching that trust in God’s plan is essential even in moments of silence and doubt. Awakening to Divine Reality – Spiritual awakening is a process of recognizing that God is always present. The Imam serves as a bridge to this realization, helping followers see beyond the material world and into the deeper truths of existence.The book concludes by reaffirming that the path to spiritual enlightenment is a continuous journey rather than a final destination. The Imam’s guidance remains a constant source of light, ensuring that seekers never walk alone. The key to spiritual fulfillment lies in seeking knowledge, practicing remembrance, living ethically, and trusting the divine process.
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The doctrine of nass (divinely designated succession) is central to the Ismaili understanding of Imamate. It upholds that the authority to lead the Muslim ummah is divinely ordained, passing through a continuous lineage of Imams from the progeny of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), specifically through Imam Ali and Fatimah al-Zahra (AS)
The Principle of Divine Succession:
Ismailis believe that Allah’s guidance is ever-present through an unbroken chain of Imams, each appointed by their predecessor through nass. This ensures that the nur (divine light) and spiritual authority remain intact across generations. The Imam is not merely a religious leader but the bearer of esoteric knowledge (ta’wil) and divine wisdom, guiding the believers in both spiritual and worldly matters.
Historical Instances of Nass:
The first nass was declared by Prophet Muhammad upon Imam Ali, famously stating, “You are to me as Aaron was to Moses, except there is no prophet after me.” This established the foundation of hereditary Imamate. Throughout history, each Ismaili Imam has designated his successor, ensuring continuity in leadership. The Fatimid Caliphs, who were also Ismaili Imams, exemplified this divine succession, reinforcing their legitimacy through nass.
The Continuity of Divine Guidance:
The Ismaili Imamate remains an unbroken institution from Imam Ali to the present 50th Imam, Shah Rahim al-Hussaini, Aga Khan V. The principle of nass ensures that each Imam is chosen by divine will, possessing the necessary wisdom and guidance to lead the community. Unlike other branches of Shi’ism that faced disputes over succession, the Ismailis maintain that the Imam of the time is always living and accessible to guide his followers.
The Imam as Spiritual and Temporal Guide:
The Ismaili Imam is not only the religious head but also a guide in ethical, social, and intellectual matters. Rooted in the legacy of the Prophet and Ahl al-Bayt, the Imam continues to interpret Islam in response to changing times while preserving its spiritual essence. This ensures that the Ismaili community remains connected to divine guidance throughout history.
Summary:
The doctrine of divinely guided succession through nass distinguishes the Ismaili understanding of Imamate. It affirms that divine authority is inherited through an unbroken lineage, ensuring that the Imam of the time is always present to provide guidance. This belief strengthens the Ismaili community’s spiritual foundation, linking them to the Prophet’s family and the eternal wisdom of Allah.
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Fatima as-Zahra, the beloved daughter of Prophet Muhammad and Khadijah, holds a central place in Islamic history and spirituality. She was known for her unparalleled piety, wisdom, and devotion to her faith and family. As the wife of Imam Ali and the mother of Hasan and Husayn, she played a crucial role in shaping the early Muslim community.
Fatima’s life was marked by both profound love and immense hardship. She witnessed the challenges faced by her father in his mission to spread Islam and remained steadfast in supporting him. After the Prophet’s passing, she endured political and social struggles, standing against injustices and upholding the values of truth and justice. Her sermons and words reflect deep theological and moral insight, inspiring generations of Muslims, particularly within the Shia tradition.
Revered as one of the purest and most virtuous women in Islam, Fatima is regarded as a key figure in the Ahlul Bayt (the family of the Prophet). Her legacy continues to be a source of guidance and inspiration, embodying the ideals of faith, resilience, and righteousness in the face of adversity.
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This podcast is an exploration of Rumi’s life, philosophy, and poetry. It seeks to go beyond the beautiful words and uncover the deeper meaning behind them. What did Rumi truly mean when he spoke of love? How did his experiences shape his understanding of the divine? And why, after more than 800 years, do his words still touch the hearts of millions? By delving into Rumi’s journey, we embark on a journey of our own—a journey into the depths of the soul, where love, truth, and divine unity await. Let us step into the world of Rumi, and allow his eternal voice to guide us toward the light.
Timeline of Main Events:
September 30, 1207: Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi is born in Balkh (present-day Afghanistan).
Early Life: Rumi grows up in a scholarly and Sufi environment, trained in Islamic sciences, theology, and Persian literature by his father, Baha al-Din Walad.
Around 1219: The Mongol invasions begin, forcing Rumi's family to flee Balkh.
During the Journey: Rumi's family travels through various cities, including Nishapur, where Rumi reportedly meets Farid al-Din Attar.
1231: Baha al-Din Walad dies in Konya (present-day Turkey), and Rumi, age 24, takes over his father's role as a religious teacher.
1244: Rumi meets Shams al-Din Tabrizi, a wandering dervish, in Konya. This meeting transforms Rumi's life. He abandons his formal scholarly duties to spend time with Shams.
1246: Shams Tabrizi disappears from Konya, either leaving voluntarily or murdered by Rumi's jealous disciples.
Post-1246: Rumi enters a period of deep grief and longing for Shams, which becomes the catalyst for his mystical poetry. He begins composing the Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi.
Later Years: Rumi composes his magnum opus, the Masnavi, a six-volume spiritual epic.
1273: Rumi dies. His son, Sultan Walad, and his disciples formalize Rumi's teachings into the Mevlevi Order.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) was one of the most influential scholars of the Islamic Golden Age, whose contributions spanned astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, theology, and ethics. Living during a tumultuous period marked by the Mongol invasions, al-Tusi not only survived but thrived, leaving an indelible mark on the intellectual history of the world. This podcast explores his life, major works, and enduring legacy, highlighting his role as a bridge between classical antiquity and the Renaissance.
Timeline of Main Events
1201: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi is born in Tus, Khorasan (modern-day Iran), on February 18th.
Early Life: Tusi studies various subjects including mathematics, logic, physics, and metaphysics in Tus, his father is a jurist in the Twelver Imam school.
~1214: Genghis Khan and the Mongols begin their westward expansion.
~1220: The Mongol invasion reaches the area of Tus causing much destruction.
~1223-1224: Tusi becomes dissatisfied with his current knowledge and begins exploring Ismaili thought. He converts to Ismailism and joins the service of Nasir al-Din Muhtashim in Quhistan, and becomes a novice (mustajib).
1232: Tusi writes Akhlaq-i Nasiri, a work on ethics, dedicated to Nasir ad-Din 'Abd ar-Rahim.
~1235: Tusi completes Akhlaq-i Nasiri.
~1236: Tusi arrives at Alamut, the center of the Nizari Ismaili state, and becomes a member of the Ismaili court. He takes on an elevated position in the Ismaili da’wa, possibly ascending to the position of chief missionary.
1236-1256: Tusi spends approximately 20 years at Alamut, teaching, editing, writing, and compiling scholarly works on mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, and more.
1247: Tusi writes Tahrir al-Majisti (Commentary on the Almagest).
1256: Hulegu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, leads the Mongol forces in the attack of Alamut. The castle falls and is destroyed. Tusi joins the Mongol forces under Hulegu, possibly feeling held against his will in Alamut previously.
1258: The Mongol forces under Hulegu attack and capture Baghdad. Al-Musta'sim, the Abbasid caliph, is killed, and the city is plundered and burned.
1259: Construction of the Maragheh Observatory begins under the guidance of Tusi at Hulegu's request.
1262: The Maragheh Observatory becomes operational.
~1262-1274: Tusi leads the work at the Maragheh Observatory, produces the Zij-i Ilkhani, and makes significant advances in astronomy and mathematics, including the development of the Tusi-couple.
1265: Tusi writes a manuscript concerning the calculation of n-th roots.
1274: Tusi dies in Baghdad on June 26th (18 Dhu’l Hijja 672).
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The podcast explores the multifaceted life of Al-Mu’ayyad fi’l-Din al-Shirazi (c. 1000–1078 CE), a chief Ismaili da’i (missionary) and statesman of the Fatimid Caliphate. As Chief Da’i, he was entrusted with leading the Ismaili da’wa and advancing the Fatimid Caliphate’s religious, political, and intellectual agenda. Drawing on his autobiography (Sira) and other historical sources, it recounts his missionary activities in Persia, the challenges he faced leading to his expulsion from Fars, and his eventual rise within the Fatimid court in Cairo, where he was appointed Chief Da’i. The discussion delves into his literary achievements, particularly his Majālis al-Muʾayyadiyya sermons, as well as his pivotal role in Fatimid politics and diplomacy, including efforts to build alliances against the Seljuks.
Timeline of Main Events:
- c. 1000 CE: Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi is born in Shiraz, Persia.
- Early Life: Al-Mu'ayyad grows up in a religiously diverse environment in Persia, which is under the influence of the Abbasid Caliphate. He eventually becomes a committed Ismaili.
-Early Da'wa Work in Fars: Al-Mu'ayyad begins his work as a Fatimid da'i (missionary) in Fars, a region in southern Iran controlled by the Buyids. He gains influence with the Buyid ruler Abu Kalijar.
- Rise in Fars: Al-Mu'ayyad convinces Abu Kalijar of the superiority of Ismaili teachings, even becoming his student for a time. Daylamis support the Fatimid cause in the region.
- Challenges in Fars:The Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad sends threatening letters to Abu Kalijar.
Sunni Turkish soldiers conspire against Al-Mu'ayyad.
Abu Kalijar is pressured to return to allegiance with the Abbasid caliphate, especially following the death of his Shi'i wazir, who was a supporter of the Fatimids.
- c. 1038 - 1042 CE: Abu Kalijar uses the title shahanshah (King of Kings), asserting independence from Baghdad, and accepting Al-Mu'ayyad's teaching.
- c. 1042 CE: Abu Kalijar's pro-Fatimid wazir dies and is succeeded by a Sunni official who pushes for allegiance to the Abbasid Caliphate.
- Expulsion from Fars: Al-Mu'ayyad is forced to leave Fars due to the shift in political alliances and hostility towards his mission.
- Arrival in Cairo: Al-Mu'ayyad arrives at the Fatimid court in Cairo with high expectations of recognition.
- Disappointment in Cairo: Al-Mu'ayyad is initially disappointed, assigned to a position he considers beneath him, and struggles to gain access to the Imam.
- Sira Writing: Al-Mu'ayyad begins to write his memoirs (Sira) in Egypt, possibly as a way to gain recognition and prove his loyalty and commitment to the da'wa.
- Political Mission in Northern Syria: Al-Mu'ayyad undertakes a political mission in northern Syria, working to create an alliance against the Saljuqs.
- Alliance with al-Basasiri: He successfully forms an alliance with al-Basasiri, a Turkish military leader in Baghdad, preventing the Saljuqs from expanding into Fatimid territory.
- Al-Basasiri's Occupation of Baghdad: Al-Mu'ayyad supports al-Basasiri's brief occupation of the Abbasid capital, Baghdad.
- Return to Cairo and Recognition: Al-Mu'ayyad returns to Cairo where he finally gains the appreciation of the Fatimid Imam and court.
- Appointment as Chief Da'i: Al-Mu'ayyad is appointed da'i al-du'at (chief da'i), the highest religious rank in the Ismaili da'wa hierarchy. He becomes bab al-abwab (Supreme Gate), functioning directly under the Imam.
- Training Da'is: Al-Mu'ayyad trains da'is like Nasir-i Khusraw and Lamak b. Malik al-Hammadi, sending them to Khurasan and Yemen, respectively, to spread the Ismaili faith.
- Late Life & Death: Al-Mu'ayyad dies at over 80 years of age, having been honored three times by the Fatimid leadership. He is buried in Dar al-'Ilm, with the Imam personally leading funeral ceremonies.
- Legacy: His writings, especially the Majālis al-Muʾayyadiyya, continue to be studied and are considered important contributions to Ismaili doctrine.
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In Islam, spirituality and the purification of the soul lie at the heart of a believer’s quest for ultimate fulfillment and eternal closeness to the Divine. This podcast delves into the profound nature of the soul, uncovering the stages of its spiritual ascent and the transformative journey of self-purification. It explores the timeless principles that guide believers toward enlightenment, divine love, and the transcendent connection with their Creator that defines the essence of true spiritual fulfillment.
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This podcast explores the intricate history of the Ismailis in Persia, drawing from Shafique N. Virani’s article “The Eagle Returns: Evidence of Continued Isma‘ili Activity at Alamut and in the South Caspian Region following the Mongol Conquests “ published by the IIS. The article challenges the widespread belief that the Mongol conquest of Alamut in 1256 CE marked the end of Ismaili influence in the South Caspian region. Using a diverse range of historical sources—such as the writings of ‘Ata-Malik Juwayni, Rashid al-Din, regional histories, and Ismaili literature from India—Virani demonstrates that Ismaili activity continued for over a century after the Mongol invasions. He critiques Juwayni’s account as politically biased, arguing it downplays the Mongols’ destruction of Baghdad while exaggerating the annihilation of the Ismailis. Virani supports his argument with evidence, including attempts to reclaim Alamut, the ongoing collection of religious dues, and the Ismaili community’s resilience and eventual displacement, revealing their enduring presence in the region.
Timeline
- 11th Century: Wahsudan b. Marzuban of the Justanid dynasty builds the Aluh amu [kh]t castle, later known as Alamut.
- 1090 CE: Hasan Sabbah seizes Alamut, making it the Nizari Isma’ili stronghold.
- 13th Century: Mongol invasions devastate the Muslim world.
- 1256 CE: Hulagu Khan captures Alamut. Historian Juwayni emphasizes Isma’ili destruction. Imam Rukn al-Din Khwarshah surrenders and is killed.
- 1256–1270 CE: Girdkuh, an Isma’ili fortress, resists but falls in 1270.
- 1275 CE: Rukn al-Din’s son leads a brief recapture of Alamut.
- Post-1275 CE: Mongols retake Alamut but do not occupy the region, leaving Gilan relatively undisturbed.
- 1307 CE: Uljaytu Khan plunders Daylam; local leader Shiru resists but is defeated.
- 1340 CE: Nuzhat al-Qulub notes Isma’ili-controlled districts between Iraq and Gilan.
- 1368–69 CE: Kiya Sayf al-Din establishes Isma’ili rule in Daylaman but is later defeated by Zaydi leader Sayyid ‘Ali Kiya.
- 1370s–1390s: Khudawand Muhammad rallies Isma’ilis, briefly retakes Alamut amidst ongoing power struggles.
- Late 14th Century: Kiya Malik retakes Alamut but is later murdered. Khudawand Muhammad reclaims Alamut from Sayyid rivals.
- 15th Century: Isma’ili activity persists; imams relocate to Anjudan.
- 1416 CE: Radi Kiya massacres Isma’ili leaders in Daylam.
- 1478 CE: Zaydi ruler Muhammad Kar Kiya claims 40 years battling Isma’ili “innovations.”
- 16th Century: Sultan Muhammad b. Jahangir spreads Isma’ili creed in Rustamdar.
- 1591–1597 CE: Shah Abbas I subjugates the region; Jahangir is executed, ending Isma’ili political activities.
- 17th Century: Poet Khaki Khurasani hints at Isma’ili survival in the region.
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This podcast explores the life and legacy of Hasan-i Sabbah, the founder of the Nizari Ismaili state in Persia. It traces his journey from his birth into a Twelver Shi’i family to his conversion to Isma’ilism, highlighting his conflicts with the Fatimids and his eventual establishment of an independent Ismaili state at Alamut. The discussion examines his strategic resistance against the Saljuqs and his efforts to support the Nizari Ismailis following the Nizari-Musta’li schism within the Fatimid Empire. Additionally, the podcast delves into Hasan-i Sabbah’s religious and political motivations, his administration of Alamut, and his enduring legacy as a masterful organizer and theologian.
Timeline of Main Events:
Mid-1050s CE: Hasan Sabbah is born in Qum to a Twelver Shi'i family.
- Early life: Hasan's family moves to Ray, where he receives early religious education in the Twelver Shi'i tradition.
- Around 17 years old: Hasan is introduced to Isma'ili teachings by Amira Zarrab in Ray. He further studies Isma'ilism under Abu Nasr Sarraj and other da'is.
- 1072 CE: Hasan converts to Isma'ilism and pledges allegiance to the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir. He impresses 'Abd al-Malik b. 'Attash, who appoints him to the da'wa (mission) organization.
- 1074-75 CE: Hasan accompanies Ibn 'Attash to Isfahan, the secret headquarters of the Isma'ili da'wa in Persia.
- 1076-77 CE: On the instructions of Ibn 'Attash, Hasan leaves Isfahan for Cairo to further his Isma'ili education.
- 1078 CE: Hasan arrives in Egypt, spending three years in Cairo and Alexandria.
During his time in Egypt: Hasan clashes with the Fatimid vizier Badr al-Jamali.
- 1081 CE: Hasan is banished from Egypt on Badr's instructions and returns to Isfahan.
-1081-1087 CE: Hasan travels through Persia, serving the da'wa and assessing Saljuq military strength.
- Around 1087 CE: Hasan concentrates his efforts in Daylam, a Shi'i stronghold, targeting the fortress of Alamut as his headquarters.
- 1090 CE: Hasan seizes Alamut through infiltration, establishing the Nizari Isma'ili state. He fortifies Alamut and improves the cultivation and irrigation systems of the valley.
- 1091 CE: Hasan sends the da'i Husayn Qa'ini to Quhistan to mobilize support, resulting in an uprising against the Saljuqs. The Isma'ilis gain control of several towns in.
- 1092 CE: Major Saljuq expeditions are launched against the Isma'ilis, but these are halted due to the assassination of Nizam al-Mulk and the death of Sultan Malikshah shortly thereafter. Hasan consolidates power in the resulting disorder. He seizes the fortress of Lamasar, Girdkuh, and others in various regions.
- After 1092 CE: Hasan implements his strategy of using assassination against key Saljuq leaders.
- 1094 CE: The death of the Fatimid Imam-caliph al-Mustansir leads to a permanent schism between the Nizari and Musta'li factions. Hasan supports Imam Nizar, breaking with the Fatimid regime in Cairo. Hasan establishes an independent Nizari Isma'ili da'wa.
- Post 1094 CE: Hasan sends da'is to Syria to propagate the Nizari da'wa.
- 1095 CE: Imam Nizar is killed in Cairo. Hasan acts as hujja (chief representative of the hidden imam) due to the absence of a manifest Imam.
- 1094-1105 CE: During the reign of Barkyaruq, the Persian Isma'ilis achieve new gains, seizing the fortress of Shahdiz.
- 1105-1118 CE: Muhammad Tapar initiates a major campaign against Alamut. Hasan successfully defends the fortress, leading to a stalemate between the Saljuqs and Isma'ilis. Throughout his rule at Alamut: Hasan leads an austere life, strictly observing the shari'a, and administers his realm. He has his two sons executed for transgressions.
- 1124 CE: Hasan Sabbah dies after a brief illness and is buried near Alamut. He had previously designated Kia Buzurg-Umid as his successor.
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This podcast explores the paper “The Ismailis and their Role in the History of Medieval Syria and the Near East” by Farhad Daftary and Azim Nanji, published by the IIS. The discussion delves into the history and influence of the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam in medieval Syria and the wider Near East. It traces their journey from their origins to the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, highlighting their significant contributions to intellectual and cultural life. The podcast examines the Ismailis’ experiences during the Crusades, their fortified strongholds in the Jabal Bahra region of Syria, and their interactions with rulers like the Crusaders and Mamluks. It concludes with the loss of their independence under Mamluk rule. Throughout, the authors challenge common misconceptions about the Ismailis, shedding light on their scholarly achievements and nuanced political strategies.
Nasir-i Khusraw, Safar-nama [“Books of Travels”], N.W. Pur, Tehran 1972 P.Willey, Eagle’s Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, London 2005 M.G.S. Hodgson, The Order of Assassins, The Hague 1955Article Link:
https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/
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This podcast explores the rich history of the Ismaili sect within Shia Islam, tracing its roots from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and Hazrat Ali as the first Imam, through the split following Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq’s death, to its evolution during pivotal eras such as the Fatimid dynasty and the Alamut period. It examines key doctrines like taqiyya (dissimulation), the central role of the Imam, and the interplay between zahir (exoteric) and batin (esoteric) interpretations of faith. The discussion also highlights the Ismailis’ modern transformation under the guidance of the last four Imams, the Aga Khans, emphasizing their efforts to balance religious tradition with contemporary societal needs. The narrative underscores their steadfast faith in the teachings of the Prophet, their Imams, and their resilience throughout history.
Reference Article
https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-in-history/
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Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS), born in 599 CE on the 13th of Rajab within the sacred precincts of the Ka‘ba, holds a distinguished and revered position in Islamic history. As the cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the first hereditary Imam in Shia tradition, his life and legacy are timeless, embodying the principles of justice, wisdom, and compassion. His exemplary leadership and steadfast dedication to service continue to inspire Muslims globally to strive for a just and ethical society rooted in Islamic values.
Imam Ali is venerated not only as a political leader but also as a spiritual guide (mawla). For Shia Muslims, he is the first in a noble lineage of Imams entrusted with the spiritual and intellectual guidance of the Muslim community. He is seen as the bearer of divine light (nur), a paragon of righteous living, and an intercessor through whom believers seek Allah’s grace and mercy.
His profound teachings, preserved in the celebrated compilation Nahjul Balagha (The Peak of Eloquence), shed light on the harmony between intellect, faith, and ethics. They underscore the pursuit of knowledge and moral integrity as essential elements of a meaningful and fulfilling life.
Sites
The Aga Khan Development Network
https://the.akdn/en/who-we-are
The institute of Ismaili Studies
https://www.iis.ac.uk/
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In today’s world, pluralism is not merely an ideal; it is a necessity. With globalization bringing people of different backgrounds into closer contact than ever before, and with increasing migration, technological connectivity, and interdependence, the ability to embrace diversity has become critical for peaceful coexistence. However, this interconnectedness also brings challenges: conflicts over identity, rising nationalism, and polarization threaten to undermine the very fabric of pluralistic societies. On one hand, we are witnessing unprecedented advances in technology, science, and communication, bringing people together in ways unimaginable a century ago. On the other hand, this same interconnectedness has exposed the fault lines of human identity—differences in religion, ethnicity, and ideology have become flashpoints for conflict. In this context, pluralism emerges as both a challenge and a solution. It requires us to navigate the tension between particularity and universality: the particular identities and values that define communities and the universal principles that bind humanity together. Pluralism teaches us that diversity is not a weakness but a strength when embraced with intentionality and wisdom.
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This podcast examines the concept of spiritual self-mastery, highlighting the belief that mastering one’s inner self surpasses any external achievement. Author Al Nasir Amlani explores this idea through the lens of Islamic teachings and Sufi traditions. The central theme is that true inner mastery fosters lasting peace, spiritual enlightenment, and a closer relationship with the divine. This journey involves practices that transcend the ego, embrace surrender to divine will, and cultivate detachment from material desires.
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This podcast discusses the speech by the Aga Khan, delivered at the Tutzing Evangelical Academy, emphasizing the crucial role of tolerance in fostering peace and understanding in the world. He argues that a "clash of ignorance," rather than civilizations or religions, is the primary obstacle, advocating for increased education and cross-cultural dialogue. Drawing upon Islamic teachings and his experiences with the Aga Khan Development Network, he highlights the importance of religious humility, respect for individual conscience, and hope in overcoming fear and building a more tolerant world. The Aga Khan connects religious faith with active engagement in worldly affairs, promoting a positive vision of tolerance as a sacred imperative. He emphasizes the need for a "cosmopolitan ethic" to address the challenges of globalization and increasing societal pluralism.
- Visa fler
