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  • Mohnish Pabrai's Q&A session with Dakshana Scholars at Dakshana Valley, Pune on December 26, 2024.

    (00:00:00) – Introduction

    (00:00:33) - Starting Without All Answers; Super 30 Model

    (00:05:08) - Dakshana’s breakthrough with NVS

    (00:09:19) - Helping Millions Through Innovation

    (00:13:38) - Infinite Vision: Arvind Eye Care

    (00:20:53) - Trust builds unbeatable business models; Costco & DMart

    (00:26:43) - Your deepest desire is destiny

    (00:29:59) - Cloning and trustworthiness are the best mental models

    (00:35:45) - Power of compounding

    (00:41:39) - Think small, scale later effectively

    (00:44:03) - Great entrepreneurs start with nothing

    (00:44:50) - Honesty is the most lucrative policy


    The contents of this video are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be financial, legal, accounting, tax, or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation, or needs, and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Q&A session with Dakshana Scholars at JNV Lucknow on July 14, 2024.


    (00:00:00) Introduction

    (00:00:32) - Adam Smith and David Ricardo

    (00:04:03) - Success story of India’s shrimp industry

    (00:09:24) - MSP and farm laws; India vs USA

    (00:14:37) - Japan’s rapid post-war development

    (00:20:01) - Givers, Takers, Matchers & Dakshana

    (00:26:13) - Rule of 72

    (00:31:53) - Robert Caro: Relentless research, unrivalled narrative

    (00:33:35) - Dakshana's Mission: Empowering Underprivileged Students

    (00:37:31) - Secret to success: Focus

    (00:41:42) - Upanishads on true desire


    The contents of this video are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be financial, legal, accounting, tax, or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation, or needs, and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

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  • Mohnish Pabrai's Interview at the Capital Compounders Show on February 25, 2025.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:00:53) - Move to Austin, Texas

    (00:09:52) - Age is just a number

    (00:11:27) - The Dakshana Foundation: A math game

    (00:15:57) - My 4 games – Bridge, Dakshana, Compounding & Golf

    (00:17:11) - Bridge with Warren & Charlie

    (00:21:46) - Bridge teaches probabilistic thinking

    (00:23:48) - Mosaic: Perspectives of Investing

    (00:24:44) - Cloning is the best mental model: Sam Walton & Bill Gates

    (00:31:29) - Sam Walton & Walmart

    (00:33:23) - Compounding

    (00:35:16) - The crash of Nifty-Fifty in 1973-74; Walmart

    (00:37:02) - Fiat Chrysler

    (00:38:09) - The Waltons' ownership in Walmart

    (00:42:18) - Frontline & Reysas

    (00:46:11) - Portfolio concentration; Steve Ballmer at Microsoft

    (00:49:39) - Uber Cannibals

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Guest Lecture at Microsoft on November 15, 2024.


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:49) - Microsoft; Bill Gates

    (00:03:19) - The future of AI

    (00:04:27) - Value vs. Growth investing

    (00:08:58) - IPSCO

    (00:13:13) - Reysas

    (00:15:47) - Starting with value investing

    (00:19:37) - My journey in investing; Introduction to Warren Buffett

    (00:22:45) - Cloning ideas: Walmart & Microsoft

    (00:24:35) - Microsoft: Vijay Vashi

    (00:31:51) - Find out your passion: Poor Charlie's Almanac

    (00:35:42) - The Dakshana Foundation

    (00:40:12) - Bill Gates' introduction to Warren Buffett

    (00:44:15) - Reliability and Trust

    (00:47:33) - Somasegar at Microsoft


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai’s Interview with John Mihaljevic at MOI Global on January 21, 2025.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:47) - Industrial Real Estate: First Industrial

    (00:06:38) - Boom and bust cycle - Oil & shipping businesses

    (00:09:14) - CONSOL Energy

    (00:12:08) - Coal businesses

    (00:21:08) - Frontline

    (00:26:03) - Micron

    (00:27:48) - Portfolio concentration

    (00:30:17) - Reysas

    (00:31:56) - Investing in Turkiye

    (00:34:21) - Evolution in investing style

    (00:35:40) - Evaluating the company's management

    (00:37:48) - Capital allocation for coal companies

    (00:40:55) - Risk vs. Uncertainty

    (00:42:36) - Circle of competence: John Arrillaga

    (00:44:32) - Look for anomalies in the market

    (00:48:42) - Book recommendation: The Joy of Costco


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's session with Cambridge Investment Banking Society at University of Cambridge on January 31, 2025.


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:38) - Marcus Aurelius: Stoic philosophy

    (00:04:28) - Learning from mistakes

    (00:09:01) - Ignore Macroeconomic factors

    (00:11:57) - Value vs growth investing

    (00:14:58) - Investing in Turkey: Reysas

    (00:19:22) - Venture Capital: Bill Gurley

    (00:23:06) - Handling the 2008 financial crisis

    (00:24:12) - Skills for value investing

    (00:27:02) - Look for undiscovered opportunities; Warren's Swiss Army knife approach

    (00:30:22) - Handling the portfolio concentration and risks

    (00:33:49) - Sam Walton

    (00:36:31) - All knowledge is cumulative

    (00:38:43) - Nick Sleep

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Talk with GreenHaven Road Partners Fund on October 29, 2024.


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:02:08) - Public Charity status of the Dakshana Foundation

    (00:04:04) - Feedback loops in Capitalism and Philanthropy

    (00:09:27) - The Dakshana Foundation model: The inversion impact

    (00:12:09) - Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)

    (00:14:13) - Ashok T Kumar: Dakshana Scholar who ranked 63 at IIT

    (00:18:36) - Operating Mechanics of the Dakshana Foundation

    (00:19:55) - All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)

    (00:21:13) - The Dakshana journey

    (00:23:56) - Dakshana's success rate

    (00:27:14) - Success Academy

    (00:29:10) - Stay focused on the cause

    (00:31:11) - Micro is more relevant than macro

    (00:34:33) - Error rate in investing


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Guest Lecture at University of Nebraska, Omaha on October 15, 2024.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:02:02) - Charlie Munger: Costco

    (00:05:35) - Warren's rejection of opportunities on moral grounds

    (00:08:27) - Conwood Chewing Tobacco

    (00:13:52) - Valeant Pharmaceuticals

    (00:18:10) - Credit Acceptance

    (00:23:58) - TransDigm

    (00:30:23) - Berkshire's investment in Gen Re

    (00:32:38) - Charlie Munger is irreplaceable

    (00:36:18) - Berkshire Hathaway after Warren Buffett

    (00:37:44) - Early start to investing journey

    (00:40:17) - My daughter's introduction to compounding and investing

    (00:45:01) - Blackstone

    (00:45:59) - My journey to investing

    (00:51:15) - Poor Charlie's Almanack

    (00:53:13) - Advice for beginners; Be a harsh grader

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Podcast with Kevin (Age 10) and Justin (Age 6) on September 24, 2024.


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:02:37) - Start investing at a young age; Bill Gates

    (00:06:38) - Invest in what interests you; Warren Buffett

    (00:10:26) - The best purchase I’ve ever made

    (00:12:16) - Bridge

    (00:14:16) - Compounding - 8th wonder of the world

    (00:21:02) - Rule of 72

    (00:25:38) - Warren Buffett: Compounding since early years

    (00:34:49) - Key to wealth and a long life

    (00:40:25) - Value investing

    (00:44:56) - My journey as a value investor

    (00:46:47) - Knowledge is cumulative

    (00:48:15) - My real-life heroes

    (00:49:52) - Advice for beginners

    (00:50:47) - Great entrepreneurs of this age


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai’s Talk at Pan IIT Conference, Toronto in June 2014.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:14) - Philanthropy

    (00:03:40) - The Dakshana Foundation; Anand Kumar's Super 30

    (00:07:42) - Philanthropy in India

    (00:12:14) - My inspiration for philanthropy

    (00:14:13) - Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya

    (00:16:30) - Social ROI; Bills & Melinda Gates Foundation

    (00:18:22) - Entrepreneurship vs. Philanthropy

    (00:20:00) - The importance of feedback loops in philanthropy


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai’s keynote address at TiECON Southwest on November 9, 2013.


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:02:02) - The IndUS Entrepreneurs

    (00:04:49) - Non-venture-backed start ups

    (00:06:26) - My first startup: Non-venture-backed

    (00:09:04) - Philanthropy: Focus on a specific cause for maximum returns

    (00:12:36) - The Dakshana Foundation: Cloned from Anand Kumar's Super 30

    (00:18:44) - Dakshana's goal: 2020 in 2020

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Session with YPO Delhi Chapter on July 9, 2024


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:03:56) - Manhattan deal by American Indians in 1626; The Rule of 72

    (00:08:45) - My daughter’s introduction to compounding

    (00:11:04) - The Three pillars of compounding

    (00:13:11) - Berkshire’s dozen truly great decisions

    (00:15:34) - See's Candies vs. Coca-Cola

    (00:19:38) - Rakesh Jhunjhunwala

    (00:22:43) - ROI on tech businesses

    (00:24:56) - Reysas

    (00:28:05) - Coke's global bottling businesses; Varun Beverages

    (00:33:36) - Growth vs ROCE

    (00:35:37) - Investing in index funds

    (00:36:41) - Be fearful when the world is greedy, be greedy when the world is fearful

    (00:43:31) - Investing in Coal

    (00:48:50) - Investing Lessons from Robert Caro

    (00:52:47) - Selling a stock

    (00:56:30) - Heinz, See's Candies & Coke


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai’s Session with CFA Society, United Kingdom on June 12, 2024


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:49) - My grandfather Gogia Pasha

    (00:10:00) - My journey as an investor

    (00:14:31) - Anomalies in stock market

    (00:18:11) - Early years of Pabrai Funds

    (00:21:47) - Value vs. Growth

    (00:23:48) - Investing is an opportunistic business

    (00:26:10) - Coal is not a four lettered word!

    (00:32:45) - Investing in Turkey

    (00:36:09) - Handling macro-economic risks

    (00:37:33) - Mistakes are stepping stones to success; Investment checklist

    (00:43:32) - Building an asset management business

    (00:52:57) - TAV Airports

    (00:57:27) - Coca-Cola Icecek

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai’s Session with Rotary Bangalore DownTown and Fellowship of Wealth Creators on June 19, 2024.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:07) - Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee

    (00:02:12) - Philanthropy: Social return on invested capital

    (00:10:36) - Framework of Non-profit organisations; The Dakshana Foundation

    (00:17:03) - Dakshana scholar: Rajiv Kumar

    (00:19:49) - Dakshana model

    (00:25:41) - Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya

    (00:30:01) - Dakshana's selection process

    (00:34:09) - Warren Buffett's philanthropic approach

    (00:41:49) - Chuck Feeney

    (00:44:01) - Akshaya Patra Foundation


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Session at The University of Nebraska, Omaha on May 3, 2024.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:02:53) - Circle the Wagons

    (00:08:18) - Intrinsic Value vs. Owners' Intrinsic Value

    (00:16:47) - Starbucks

    (00:17:34) - Ken Langone: Home Depot

    (00:20:13) - Berkshire's 12 best decisions in 58 years; See's Candies vs Coca Cola

    (00:27:22) - Evaluating the management team

    (00:32:23) - Advice for young investors

    (00:33:48) - My educational journey

    (00:38:19) - Memories of Charlie

    (00:43:24) - Learnings from Charlie Munger

    (00:45:54) - Cloning is the best model; Chipotle

    (00:49:25) - Heads I win; Tails I don't lose much

    (00:51:46) - CONSOL Energy vs. IPSCO

    (00:57:01) - Value investing

    (00:59:05) - Impact of macro-economic factors

    (01:01:13) - Passing on value system to your kids

    (01:05:01) - Loss aversion: Minimizing risk

    (01:07:35) - Debt-free businesses are best

    (01:10:32) - Index investing

    (01:11:55) - Cryptocurrency

    (01:12:49) - Knowledge is cumulative

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Q&A session with Dakshana Scholars at the JNV Pune on December 25, 2023

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:00:51) - One of Dakshana’s best alums: T. Ashok Kumar

    (00:05:00) - Public speaking, lifelong advantage: Toastmasters

    (00:08:27) - Education system in India vs. US

    (00:17:48) - Merit over Money

    (00:23:39) - Rule of 72

    (00:34:12) - Maximizing Social Impact

    (00:35:49) - Don't Worry About Low Scores

    (00:41:39) - Marcus Aurelius: Failure is the key to Success

    (00:44:38) - Clone Great Ideas

    (00:53:09) - Pursue Happiness

    The contents of this video are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be financial, legal, accounting, tax, or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation, or needs, and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Interview at My First Million Podcast on April 4, 2024.

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:00:34) - Why entrepreneurs make the best investors

    (00:03:09) - Buffett's early entrepreneurial adventures

    (00:08:13) - Buffett's introduction to Ben Graham

    (00:11:39) - See's Candies

    (00:17:59) - My entrepreneurial journey

    (00:30:25) - Entrepreneurs don’t take risks

    (00:32:36) - Richard Branson: Virgin Atlantic

    (00:36:19) - The Patels' motels business in the US

    (00:41:16) - Introduction to Warren Buffett

    (00:46:12) - Pabrai Funds

    (00:54:37) - Lunch with Warren Buffett

    (00:59:16) - Learnings from Buffett: Be a harsh grader

    (01:05:32) - Dhandho Investing: Heads I win, Tails I don’t lose too much

    (01:07:21) - IPSCO

    (01:09:09) - Investing in coal

    (01:10:12) - Private vs. Public auction-driven markets

    (01:12:53) - Index funds

    (01:14:20) - What Puddy (of Seinfeld) can teach us about investing!

    (01:17:21) - Compounding; The rule of 72

    (01:22:40) - Berkshire's 12 best decisions; Ajit Jain

    (01:29:02) - John Templeton: Trouble is opportunity

    (01:29:56) - Cryptocurrency

    (01:31:01) - Nick Sleep; Amazon

    (01:36:21) - The Walton's Family; Walmart

    (01:37:13) - Reysas

    (01:42:26) - Capital allocation: Meta

    (01:44:13) - Elon Musk

    (01:46:11) - Learnings from Charlie

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.


  • Mohnish Pabrai's Q&A session with Dakshana scholars at the JNV Bangalore Urban on December 24, 2023

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:00:29) - Cloning Super 30

    (00:03:50) - Rule of 72

    (00:09:15) - Ultra-high Social Return on Invested Capital

    (00:17:16) - Integrity in Philanthropy

    (00:22:38) - Akshaya Patra: The best of the best!


    The contents of this video are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be financial, legal, accounting, tax, or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation, or needs, and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Session at The Investor’s Podcast on April 1, 2024

    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:01:44) - TransTech

    (00:03:39) - Managing other people’s money

    (00:08:54) - My journey in investing

    (00:11:51) - The happiness equation

    (00:17:12) - Learnings from Buffett; Be a harsh grader

    (00:22:06) - The importance of truth and candor

    (00:24:06) - Bridge vs. Poker

    (00:28:59) - Infinite games

    (00:30:56) - McDonalds

    (00:34:02) - Boeing

    (00:36:12) - Processing information from books

    (00:40:24) - Pabrai Fund's track record

    (00:45:25) - The game of investing

    (00:49:20) - The Dakshana Foundation; Philanthropy


    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.

  • Mohnish Pabrai's Session with Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Brass Rat Investments on March 12, 2024


    (00:00:00) - Introduction

    (00:02:03) - Berkshire's 12 great decisions in 58 years

    (00:05:06) - See's Candies vs. Coke

    (00:11:55) - Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad

    (00:16:54) - The Intrinsic value of a stock

    (00:20:52) - Learnings from Charlie Munger

    (00:27:24) - The Dakshana Foundation

    (00:33:17) - Sergio Marchionne: Fiat Chrysler

    (00:38:59) - Identifying investment opportunities

    (00:47:35) - Finding Anomalies; Seinfeld: Is this anything?

    (00:52:56) - Investing in Turkey; Coca-Cola Icecek

    (00:56:28) - A day in my life

    The contents of this website are for educational and entertainment purposes only, and do not purport to be, and are not intended to be, financial, legal, accounting, tax or investment advice. Investments or strategies that are discussed may not be suitable for you, do not take into account your particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs and are not intended to provide investment advice or recommendations appropriate for you. Before making any investment or trade, consider whether it is suitable for you and consider seeking advice from your own financial or investment adviser.