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Worobey said the virus likely spreads among the cows due to contact with milking machines, trucks or the shoes of farm workers. It then moves from cow to cow before making its way back to birds. Worobey said birds tested on the same farms as sick cows have a form of the virus with “clear mammalian adaptations.” In other words, the virus shows signs of changing before infecting the bird populations.
沃罗比说，由于接触挤奶机、卡车或农场工人的鞋子，病毒可能在奶牛之间传播。然后它从一头牛转移到另一头牛，最后又回到鸟类身上。沃罗比说，在与病牛相同的农场进行测试的鸟类携带了一种具有“明显的哺乳动物适应性”的病毒。换句话说，病毒在感染鸟类之前就表现出了变化的迹象。
Scientists say the best way to keep the virus from spreading to more cows, and possibly humans, is to test cows as often as possible and follow their movements.
科学家表示，防止病毒传播给更多奶牛（甚至可能是人类）的最佳方法是尽可能频繁地对奶牛进行检测并跟踪它们的活动。
Thomas Friedrich is a virology expert at the University of Wisconsin’s animal medical school. “We need to be able to do greater surveillance so that we know what’s going on.”
托马斯·弗里德里希是威斯康星大学动物医学院的病毒学专家。“我们需要能够进行更大规模的监视，以便我们知道发生了什么。”
Worobey said testing for active virus is one thing. But the tests must also look for antibodies, or evidence of past infections.
沃罗贝说，检测活性病毒是一回事。但测试还必须寻找抗体或过去感染的证据。
“That is a really accessible and quick way to find out how widespread this is,” he said.
他说：“这是了解这种情况有多普遍的一种非常容易且快速的方法。”
Scientists are working to be sure that heating up the milk before it is put into containers for humans to drink is enough to kill the virus. The process is called pasteurization. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will have more information about that soon.
科学家们正在努力确保在将牛奶放入容器供人类饮用之前将其加热足以杀死病毒。该过程称为巴氏灭菌。美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 将很快提供更多相关信息。
Right now, the FDA recommends humans to avoid raw or unpasteurized milk. Farm workers are also being told to wear masks, wash their hands and change their work clothes often, Aliota said.
目前，美国食品和药物管理局建议人们避免食用生牛奶或未经高温消毒的牛奶。阿利奥塔说，农场工人还被告知要戴口罩、勤洗手并经常更换工作服。
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said 23 people have been tested for the virus so far. One person has tested positive for a mild eye infection. CDC officials are watching for signs of sickness in 44 other people who were in contact with infected animals.
美国疾病控制与预防中心表示，迄今为止已有 23 人接受了病毒检测。一名患者轻度眼部感染检测呈阳性。CDC 官员正在观察另外 44 名接触过受感染动物的人是否有生病迹象。
David O’Connor is a virus expert at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He said that knowing about the virus should not make humans “change anything about how (they) live their daily lives.”
大卫·奥康纳是威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的病毒专家。他说，了解这种病毒不应让人类“改变他们的日常生活方式”。
But he said humans should have “increased awareness that something is happening.”
但他表示，人类应该“提高对正在发生的事情的认识”。
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The United States plans new rules for the movement of dairy cows between states because of concerns about a bird flu outbreak.
出于对禽流感爆发的担忧，美国计划对各州之间奶牛的流动制定新规则。
The virus is called Type A H5N1. It has been found in over 30 different groups of cows across eight states.
该病毒被称为 A 型 H5N1。 已在 8 个州的 30 多个不同的奶牛群中发现了这种病毒。
Some inactive markers of the virus have been found in milk sold in stores. Inactive markers mean the virus is dead and cannot harm humans who drink the milk.
在商店出售的牛奶中发现了一些非活性病毒标记。 不活跃的标记意味着病毒已经死亡，不会伤害喝牛奶的人。
The concern is that the virus could mutate, or change. It could then possibly spread from cows or other animals to humans. Experts, however, believe the risk of that is low.
令人担忧的是病毒可能会变异或改变。 然后它可能从牛或其他动物传播到人类。 然而，专家认为这种风险很低。
After April 29, cows must have been tested and found to not have the virus before they are permitted to be moved between states.
4 月 29 日之后，奶牛必须经过检测并发现没有携带病毒，然后才能获准在各州之间转移。
The virus has been known by scientists to circulate among wild birds. It appears in other animals if they eat sick birds. Some animals that live near the sea have tested positive for the virus, including harbor seals and polar bears. Animals that eat grasses, such as cows and goats, have only recently been found to have the virus.
科学家已知该病毒在野生鸟类中传播。 如果其他动物吃了病鸟，也会出现这种情况。 一些生活在海边的动物的病毒检测呈阳性，包括斑海豹和北极熊。 直到最近才发现牛和山羊等吃草的动物携带这种病毒。
Richard Webby is an influenza expert at St. Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital in Tennessee. He said flu viruses are known for adapting to spread among new animals. Finding the virus in dairy milk raises concerns that it could spread to people, Webby said.
理查德·韦比是田纳西州圣裘德儿童研究医院的流感专家。 他说，众所周知，流感病毒能够适应在新动物之间的传播。 韦比说，在牛奶中发现这种病毒引发了人们对其可能传播给人类的担忧。
Scientists confirmed the virus in cows in March after farmers said their cows were sick. They said the animals’ symptoms included tiredness and low milk production. Some farmers said the milk the sick cows produced was thick and yellow.
三月份，在农民表示他们的奶牛生病后，科学家们证实了奶牛体内存在这种病毒。 他们说，这些动物的症状包括疲倦和产奶量低。 一些农民表示，病牛产出的牛奶又浓又黄。
Matthew Aliota is an animal medicine researcher at the University of Minnesota. He said finding the inactive virus in the milk “suggests this has been going on longer, and is more widespread, than we have previously recognized.”
马修·阿利奥塔（Matthew Aliota）是明尼苏达大学的动物医学研究员。 他说，在牛奶中发现失活病毒“表明这种情况持续的时间比我们之前认识的要长，而且范围更广。”
The U.S. Department of Agriculture recently sent out new genetic information about the virus.
美国农业部最近发布了有关该病毒的新基因信息。
Michael Worobey is an evolutionary biologist with the University of Arizona. He said the federal agency information makes him think the virus moved from birds to cows late in 2023.
迈克尔·沃罗贝 (Michael Worobey) 是亚利桑那大学的进化生物学家。 他说，联邦机构的信息让他认为病毒在 2023 年底从鸟类转移到了牛身上。
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Saknas det avsnitt?
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Less than half of Americans say they are getting enough sleep, according to a recent opinion study by the Gallup organization.
盖洛普组织最近的一项民意研究显示，不到一半的美国人表示他们睡眠充足。
The poll found that 57 percent of Americans say they would feel better if they could get more sleep. Only 42 percent say they are getting as much sleep as they need.
民意调查发现，57% 的美国人表示，如果能够获得更多睡眠，他们会感觉更好。 只有 42% 的人表示他们的睡眠充足。
Gallup carried out the same kind of study in 2013. That time, the results were different. Fifty-six percent said they got enough sleep, while 43 percent said they did not get enough sleep.
盖洛普在2013年进行了同类研究，但当时的结果有所不同。 56% 的人表示他们睡眠充足，43% 的人表示他们睡眠不足。
Women under the age of 50 were the most likely to report they are not getting enough rest. Only 27 percent of women in that group said they usually get all the sleep they need.
50 岁以下的女性最有可能报告她们没有得到足够的休息。 该群体中只有 27% 的女性表示她们通常能获得所需的全部睡眠。
The poll also asked people to report how many hours of sleep they usually get each night. Only 26 percent said they got eight or more hours. Many sleep experts say adults should aim for eight hours of sleep a night.
该民意调查还要求人们报告他们通常每晚的睡眠时间。 只有 26% 的人表示他们有 8 个小时或更长时间。 许多睡眠专家表示，成年人的目标应该是每晚睡八小时。
Just over half of the respondents reported getting between six and seven hours of sleep a night. And 20 percent said they got five hours or less. That number increased from 2013, when 14 percent of respondents reported getting five hours or less.
超过一半的受访者表示每晚睡眠六到七个小时。 20% 的人表示他们的时间不超过五个小时。 这个数字比 2013 年有所增加，当时 14% 的受访者表示工作时间为 5 小时或更少。
Justine Broughal is a self-employed event planner with two small children. She is 31 years old. Her 4-month-old son still wakes up throughout the night. After her 3-year-old daughter goes to bed, she still needs to do some work in the house. That makes it difficult for her to get the sleep she needs.
贾斯汀·布鲁尔 (Justine Broughal) 是一名自营活动策划者，有两个小孩。 她今年 31 岁。 她四个月大的儿子仍然整夜醒来。 3岁的女儿睡觉后，她还需要做一些家务。 这使她很难获得所需的睡眠。
“I really treasure being able to spend time with (my children),” Broughal says. However, she added that it can reduce the amount of time for her to rest and take care of herself.
“我真的很珍惜能够与（我的孩子们）共度时光，”布鲁尔说。 然而，她补充说，这会减少她休息和照顾自己的时间。
Claude Fischer is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. He said that American culture has valued hard work and productivity since the first European immigrants arrived. He added that the religious beliefs of some groups connected hard work with approval from God.
克劳德·费舍尔是加州大学伯克利分校的社会学教授。 他说，自从第一批欧洲移民抵达以来，美国文化就重视努力工作和生产力。 他补充说，一些群体的宗教信仰将努力工作与上帝的认可联系在一起。
Working hard, he said, “has been a core part of American culture for centuries.”
他说，努力工作“几个世纪以来一直是美国文化的核心部分。”
Some Americans also say their busy workdays make them want to stay up late. After a long day of work, spending time at night on social media or watching television can help them lower stress or have some time to themselves. But this reduces the number of hours they can sleep.
一些美国人还表示，忙碌的工作日让他们想熬夜。 经过一整天的工作后，晚上花时间浏览社交媒体或看电视可以帮助他们减轻压力或享受一些独处的时间。 但这会减少他们的睡眠时间。
Liz Meshel has experienced this. The 30-year-old American is temporarily living and doing research in Bulgaria. But she also works a part-time job on U.S. hours to help pay her bills. That means she sometimes works until 10 at night local time.
莉兹·梅舍尔就经历过这一点。 这位30岁的美国人暂时在保加利亚生活和研究。 但她也在美国工作时间做兼职，以帮助支付账单。 这意味着她有时会工作到当地时间晚上 10 点。
When it is close to her bedtime, she said she thinks about the time she did not have for herself during the day. So, she decides to watch television and look at social media instead of getting to sleep earlier.
当临近睡觉时间时，她说她会想起白天没有属于自己的时间。 因此，她决定看电视和浏览社交媒体，而不是早点睡觉。
That, Meshel said, “will always make the problem worse.”
梅舍尔说，这“总是会让问题变得更糟。”
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for example, when the Curiosity rover drives over the area.
例如当好奇号火星车驶过该地区时，也可能释放少量甲烷。
Pavlov said this theory could help explain why methane levels have only been discovered in the Gale Crater area. It is the only place on Mars where NASA’s Curiosity rover is currently active.
巴甫洛夫说，这一理论可以帮助解释为什么只在盖尔陨石坑地区发现了甲烷水平。 这是美国宇航局好奇号火星车目前在火星上唯一活跃的地方。
NASA has another rover working on Mars, Perseverance. But it has been exploring the Jezero Crater area on another part of the planet. Jezero Crater is also believed to have contained large water bodies in the distant past. But Perseverance is not equipped with a methane-detecting instrument.
美国宇航局还有另一辆火星车“毅力号”正在火星上工作。 但它一直在探索地球另一部分的杰泽罗陨石坑地区。 据信，杰泽罗陨石坑在遥远的过去也曾存在过大型水体。 但毅力号并未配备甲烷检测仪器。
Pavlov noted that the latest theory came from his memories of an unrelated experiment carried out in 2017. The experiment involved growing microorganisms in a simulated Martian environment that included frozen soil that contained salt.
巴甫洛夫指出，最新的理论来自他对 2017 年进行的一项无关实验的记忆。该实验涉及在模拟火星环境中培养微生物，其中包括含盐的冻土。
During that experiment, researchers observed that the collection of soil on top formed an icy, salty crust. Changes in conditions caused the ice to melt, turning the solid material into a gas and leaving the salt behind.
在那次实验中，研究人员观察到顶部的土壤聚集形成了冰冷的咸味外壳。 条件的变化导致冰融化，将固体物质变成气体并留下盐。
Pavlov’s team tested five samples of frozen soil containing different kinds of salt material commonly found on Mars. A new set of Earth-based experiments was carried out in which the frozen material was exposed to different temperatures and air pressures inside an environment at Goddard that was designed to be like Mars.
巴甫洛夫的团队测试了五个冻土样本，其中含有火星上常见的不同种类的盐物质。 进行了一系列新的地球实验，其中将冷冻材料暴露在戈达德的一个设计为类似于火星的环境中的不同温度和气压下。
The team was able to repeatedly copy the salt sealing process in Mars-like conditions during laboratory testing. The researchers said they plan to keep carrying out experiments under different conditions and using salt minerals to confirm their theory.
该团队能够在实验室测试期间重复复制类似火星条件下的盐密封过程。 研究人员表示，他们计划继续在不同条件下进行实验，并利用盐矿物质来证实他们的理论。
But the researchers noted that to carry out more detailed methane investigations, they will likely need a whole new generation of sensitive instruments. These would be designed to measure methane continuously from many places on Mars.
但研究人员指出，为了进行更详细的甲烷研究，他们可能需要全新一代的敏感仪器。 这些将被设计用于从火星上的许多地方连续测量甲烷。
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Scientists are seeking to find out what is producing the slow release of methane gas on Mars.
科学家们正在寻找火星上缓慢释放甲烷气体的原因。
Methane often results from biological processes. On Earth, most of the gas comes from living creatures. For this reason, the American space agency NASA has been investigating methane levels on Mars in a search for signs of current or past life. So far, no evidence has been found.
甲烷通常来自生物过程。 在地球上，大部分气体来自生物。 出于这个原因，美国宇航局NASA一直在调查火星上的甲烷水平，以寻找当前或过去生命的迹象。 到目前为止，还没有找到任何证据。
But a new study is providing fresh details about methane on Mars. NASA’s Curiosity explorer, or rover, has repeatedly measured methane levels on the Martian surface. The rover arrived on Mars in 2012 and has been exploring areas around Gale Crater. This area is believed to have contained a lake at one time and has also shown other evidence of flowing water in the past.
但一项新研究提供了有关火星甲烷的新细节。 美国宇航局的好奇号探测器或漫游者多次测量了火星表面的甲烷水平。 该火星车于 2012 年抵达火星，一直在探索盖尔陨石坑周围的区域。 据信该地区曾经有一个湖泊，并且过去还显示出其他流水的证据。
NASA says Gale Crater is the only place where methane has been discovered. Even a spacecraft sent to collect data on the Martian atmosphere has not identified the presence of methane. That spacecraft, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, is operated by the European Space Agency.
美国宇航局表示，盖尔陨石坑是唯一发现甲烷的地方。 即使是派去收集火星大气数据的航天器也没有发现甲烷的存在。 该航天器名为 ExoMars 痕量气体轨道飞行器，由欧洲航天局运营。
In addition to only being discovered, or detected, around Gale Crater, the observations of methane happen only at night, NASA researchers recently reported. Levels also go up and down during different seasons and at times, rise sharply for short periods.
美国宇航局研究人员最近报告说，除了仅在盖尔陨石坑周围发现或探测到甲烷之外，甲烷的观测也只发生在夜间。 水平也会在不同季节上下波动，有时会在短时间内急剧上升。
The mysterious methane releases leave scientists considering “a lot of plot twists,” said Curiosity project leader Ashwin Vasavada. But a NASA research group recently proposed a possible explanation for how the gas behaves on Mars.
好奇号项目负责人阿什温·瓦萨瓦达 (Ashwin Vasavada) 表示，神秘的甲烷释放让科学家们思考“许多情节曲折”。 但美国宇航局的一个研究小组最近对火星上的气体行为提出了一个可能的解释。
The researchers theorize that all detected methane could be trapped, or sealed, underneath hardened pieces of salt in Martian regolith. Regolith describes soil that contains rock and dust that sits on or below the surface.
研究人员推测，所有检测到的甲烷都可能被捕获或密封在火星风化层的硬化盐块下面。 风化层描述的是含有岩石和灰尘的土壤，位于地表之上或之下。
The scientists say increases in temperature might explain the differences in gas release. During certain seasons or times of day warmer temperatures could weaken the seal on the methane, causing gas to be released.
科学家们表示，温度升高可能可以解释气体释放的差异。 在某些季节或一天中的某些时间，气温升高可能会削弱甲烷的密封性，导致气体释放。
NASA said the research was led by Alexander Pavlov, a planetary scientist at the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. He said small amounts of methane could also be released when the regolith seal is broken by weight from above
美国宇航局表示，这项研究是由该机构马里兰州戈达德太空飞行中心的行星科学家亚历山大·巴甫洛夫领导的。 他说，当风化层密封被上方的重量破坏时。
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Human experts spend years roasting and tasting coffee from many places to learn about the beans. They might then combine a coffee bean from Africa with another one from South America to come up with a new blend.
人类专家花费数年时间从许多地方烘焙和品尝咖啡，以了解咖啡豆。 然后，他们可能会将非洲的一种咖啡豆与南美的另一种咖啡豆结合起来，制成一种新的混合物。
But, a coffee roasting company in Helsinki, Finland is hoping that artificial intelligence, or AI, can help ease the workload.
但是，芬兰赫尔辛基的一家咖啡烘焙公司希望人工智能能够帮助减轻工作量。
Kaffa Roastery recently launched its “AI-conic” blend at the Helsinki Coffee Festival. The blend is a mixture of four kinds of beans, including Fazenda Pinhal from Brazil. It is the result of a joint project by Kaffa and Elev, a local AI business.
Kaffa Roastery 最近在赫尔辛基咖啡节上推出了“AI-conic”混合咖啡。 该混合物由四种咖啡豆混合而成，其中包括来自巴西的 Fazenda Pinhal。 它是 Kaffa 和当地人工智能企业 Elev 联合项目的成果。
Elev told The Associated Press that its computer models, similar to ChatGPT and Copilot, created a blend that would “push the boundaries of conventional flavor combinations.”
Elev 告诉美联社，其计算机模型与 ChatGPT 和 Copilot 类似，创造了一种混合物，可以“突破传统风味组合的界限”。
Svante Hampf is the founder of Kaffa Roastery. He and his partners wanted to do an experiment to see what blend the computer would produce.
Svante Hampf 是卡法烘焙工坊的创始人。 他和他的合作伙伴想做一个实验，看看计算机会产生什么混合物。
“We basically gave descriptions of all our coffee types and their flavors to AI and instructed it to create a new exciting blend,” Hampf said.
“我们基本上向人工智能提供了所有咖啡类型及其口味的描述，并指示它创造出一种新的令人兴奋的混合物，”汉普夫说。
The “AI-conic” blend combined beans from Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia and Guatemala. It is described as “a well-balanced blend of sweetness and ripe fruit.”
“AI-conic”混合咖啡豆融合了来自巴西、哥伦比亚、埃塞俄比亚和危地马拉的咖啡豆。 它被描述为“甜味和成熟水果的均衡混合”。
Hampf said he thought the combination was “somewhat weird.” He was surprised that the AI program chose to make the blend out of four different kinds of beans. Most humans choose only two or three beans.
汉普夫说他认为这种组合“有点奇怪”。 他对人工智能程序选择用四种不同种类的豆子进行混合感到惊讶。 大多数人只选择两到三种豆子。
However, after the first blind test of the new blend, Kaffa’s coffee experts agreed that the AI-assisted blend was perfect. There was no need to change.
然而，在对新混合咖啡进行第一次盲测后，Kaffa 的咖啡专家一致认为人工智能辅助混合咖啡是完美的。 没有必要改变。
Elev’s Antti Merilehto said “AI-conic” is an example of “how AI can introduce new perspectives to seasoned professionals.”
Elev 的 Antti Merilehto 表示，“AI-conic”是“人工智能如何为经验丰富的专业人士引入新视角”的一个例子。
The International Coffee Organization says that the 5.6 million people in Finland drink the most coffee per person in the world. And the roasters at Kaffa said they hope the AI project will help to bring more things to the strong coffee culture in the country.
国际咖啡组织表示，芬兰 560 万人的人均咖啡饮用量位居世界第一。 Kaffa 的烘焙师表示，他们希望人工智能项目能够为该国浓厚的咖啡文化带来更多东西。
Hampf called it a “first step,” adding, “I think AI has plenty to offer us in the long run. We are particularly impressed of the coffee taste descriptions it created.”
汉普夫称其为“第一步”，并补充道，“我认为从长远来看，人工智能可以为我们提供很多东西。 它所创造的咖啡口味描述给我们留下了特别深刻的印象。”
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A new, small robotic camera designed to be swallowed for use in medical examinations was recently demonstrated at a conference in Canada. The device called PillBot can be guided through a body remotely, meaning electronically from outside. Its creators hope the device will replace traditional endoscopies. An endoscopy is when a camera attached to a wire is directed down the throat and into a sleeping patient’s stomach.
最近在加拿大的一次会议上展示了一种新型小型机器人相机，其设计可被吞咽以用于医学检查。 这种名为 PillBot 的设备可以通过身体远程引导，即从外部以电子方式引导。 它的创造者希望该设备能够取代传统的内窥镜。 内窥镜检查是将连接在电线上的摄像头引导到熟睡患者的喉咙并进入胃部。
The company Endiatx based in Hayward, California, developed the device. The research hospital, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota, is a partner in the project.
总部位于加利福尼亚州海沃德的 Endiatx 公司开发了该设备。 位于明尼苏达州罗彻斯特的研究医院梅奥诊所是该项目的合作伙伴。
The PillBot is designed to be the first motorized endoscopic camera. Here is how developers say it works: A patient does not eat for one day, then swallows the PillBot with lots of water. The PillBot acts like a small submarine controlled by a wireless remote control. When the exam is complete, the body will expel the PillBot in the same way it expels other solid waste.
PillBot 被设计为第一台电动内窥镜摄像机。 开发人员介绍其工作原理是这样的：患者一天不进食，然后用大量的水吞下 PillBot。 PillBot 就像一艘由无线遥控器控制的小型潜艇。 检查完成后，身体会像排出其他固体废物一样排出 PillBot。
Dr. Vivek Kumbhari is co-founder of the company. He is professor of medicine and chairman of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Mayo Clinic. It is the latest step toward his larger goal of making complex medicine more accessible.
Vivek Kumbhari 博士是该公司的联合创始人。 他是梅奥诊所的医学教授兼胃肠病学和肝病学主席。 这是他朝着让复杂医学更容易获得的更大目标迈出的最新一步。
If endoscopies can be moved from a hospital setting to a patient’s home, he said, "then I think we have achieved that goal." Use of the device would require fewer medical workers and no anesthesia, he said. The device provides "a safer, more comfortable approach,” he added.
他说，如果内窥镜检查可以从医院转移到患者家中，“那么我认为我们已经实现了这一目标。” 他说，使用该设备将需要更少的医务人员，并且不需要麻醉。 他补充说，该设备提供了“一种更安全、更舒适的方法”。
Kumbhari also said the technology is more efficient and permits people to get treatment earlier in the progress of a disease.
Kumbhari 还表示，该技术更有效，可以让人们在疾病进展的早期得到治疗。
Alex Luebke is the co-founder of Endiatx. He said the PillBot can help people in rural areas where medical centers and treatment are lacking.
Alex Luebke 是 Endiatx 的联合创始人。 他说 PillBot 可以帮助缺乏医疗中心和治疗的农村地区的人们。
"Especially in developing countries, there is no access" to complex medical care, he said. "So being able to have the technology, gather all that information and provide you the solution, even in remote areas - that's the way to do it.”
他说，“特别是在发展中国家，无法获得”复杂的医疗服务。 “因此，即使在偏远地区，也能够拥有技术、收集所有信息并为您提供解决方案 - 这就是做到这一点的方法。”
The micro-robotic pill is undergoing testing. It could come before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for consideration in the coming months. If approved, the PillBot could be available by 2026.
微型机器人药丸正在接受测试。 它可能会在未来几个月内提交美国食品和药物管理局考虑。 如果获得批准，PillBot 可能会在 2026 年上市。
Kumbhari hopes the technology can be expanded to the bowels, vascular system, heart, liver, brain and other parts of the body.
Kumbhari希望这项技术能够扩展到肠道、血管系统、心脏、肝脏、大脑和身体的其他部位。
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International health experts have agreed on a new definition of what it means for a disease to spread “through the air.”
国际卫生专家就疾病“通过空气”传播的含义达成了新的定义。
The agreement came after the World Health Organization (WHO) cooperated with hundreds of international health experts to explain or clarify the meaning. The WHO said the technical document it issued was the first step towards finding better methods to prevent airborne disease spread.
该协议是在世界卫生组织（WHO）与数百名国际卫生专家合作解释或澄清其含义后达成的。 世界卫生组织表示，其发布的技术文件是寻找更好的方法来防止空气传播疾病传播的第一步。
The document says the term "through the air" can be used for infectious diseases in which the main spread involves a pathogen traveling through the air or being suspended in the air. The experts said this is similar to the official description of "waterborne" diseases.
该文件称，“通过空气”一词可用于主要传播涉及病原体通过空气传播或悬浮在空气中的传染病。 专家表示，这与官方对“水传播”疾病的描述类似。
The WHO’s new explanation is an effort to avoid public misunderstandings about how some diseases can be passed through the air or are “airborne.”
世界卫生组织的新解释是为了避免公众对某些疾病如何通过空气传播或“空气传播”产生误解。
Such misunderstandings happened during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO was criticized by many scientists during the early days of COVID-19 in 2020. They accused the U.N. health agency of failing to warn the public early on that the virus could spread through the air.
此类误解在 COVID-19 大流行期间发生过。 2020 年 COVID-19 爆发初期，世界卫生组织受到许多科学家的批评。他们指责联合国卫生机构未能及早警告公众该病毒可能通过空气传播。
The scientists said this led to too much public guidance centered on handwashing and similar measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. They said this guidance ignored other measures, such as looking at the spread of viruses through ventilation systems.
科学家们表示，这导致了太多以洗手和类似措施为中心的公共指导，以防止 COVID-19 的传播。 他们表示，该指南忽略了其他措施，例如观察病毒通过通风系统的传播。
By July 2020, the agency said there was "evidence emerging" of airborne spread. Soumya Swaminathan was WHO chief scientist during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Swaminathan began a process to agree on a new definition for airborne disease spread. She later said she thinks the agency should have been more forceful in that message "much earlier."
该机构表示，到 2020 年 7 月，“有证据表明”空气传播。 Soumya Swaminathan 在新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行初期担任世卫组织首席科学家。 斯瓦米纳坦开始就空气传播疾病传播的新定义达成一致。 她后来说，她认为该机构应该“更早”更强有力地传达这一信息。
Swaminathan’s successor, Jeremy Farrar, recently told Reuters news agency the new definition was about more than COVID-19. He added that at the beginning of the pandemic there was a lack of available evidence. He said experts including the WHO had acted in "good faith." At the time, he headed the Wellcome Trust charity and advised the British government on COVID-19.
斯瓦米纳坦的继任者杰里米·法勒 (Jeremy Farrar) 最近告诉路透社，新定义不仅仅涉及 COVID-19。 他补充说，在大流行开始时，缺乏可用的证据。 他说，包括世界卫生组织在内的专家都是本着“善意”行事的。 当时，他是 Wellcome Trust 慈善机构的负责人，并就 COVID-19 向英国政府提供建议。
Farrar said the new definition would permit discussions to begin about issues such as ventilation in different kinds of buildings including hospitals and schools. He compared the issue to the realization that blood-borne viruses, like HIV or hepatitis B, could be spread by medics not wearing gloves.
法勒表示，新的定义将允许开始讨论医院和学校等不同类型建筑的通风等问题。 他将这个问题与认识到艾滋病毒或乙型肝炎等血源性病毒可能由不戴手套的医务人员传播的认识进行了比较。
"When I started out, medical students, nurses, doctors, none of us wore gloves to take blood," Farrar said. "Now it is unthinkable that you wouldn’t wear gloves. But that came because everyone agreed on what the issue was, they agreed on the terminology… [The change, in practice,] came later," he added.
“当我刚开始时，医学生、护士、医生，我们都没有戴手套来采血，”法勒说。 “现在，你不戴手套是不可想象的。但这是因为每个人都同意问题是什么，他们就术语达成一致……[实际上，变化]是后来发生的，”他补充道。
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For the first time, the public will be able to go on guided tours of Buckingham Palace's East Wing. That includes the famous front facade with a balcony that's been the focus of so many big royal occasions, although visitors won't be able to step out onto the balcony and wave to the tourists below.
这将是公众首次能够在导游的带领下参观白金汉宫东翼。可供参观的区域包括宫殿正面著名的标志性阳台，这座阳台是许多重大王室活动的焦点，不过参观者不能像王室那样走上阳台，向下面的游客们挥手。
But in July and August, visitors will be able to see many historic rooms in that wing of the palace previously not open to the public as part of an effort to open up more of the royal estate.
王室希望能开放更多居所供民众参观，在今年7月和8月，游客们将能够参观白金汉宫东翼许多历史悠久的房间，这些房间此前从未向公众开放。
The palace's East Wing, built in the reign of Queen Victoria, was originally funded by selling the Brighton Pavilion. But modern visitors who want the guided tour, plus a visit to the palace's State Rooms, will have to pay £75.
白金汉宫东翼建于英国维多利亚女王统治时期，最初修建该区域靠出售布莱顿皇家行宫（又称 “英王阁”）所得的资金。而如今游客如果想参加这个由导游带领的东翼游览活动，包括参观国事厅，就必须支付75英镑的游览费。
词汇表
facade （大型建筑物的）正立面
step out 走出
royal estate 王室居所
reign 统治时期，君主在位时期
funded 由…提供资金
State Rooms （白金汉宫）国事厅 -
We hear family members and teachers telling us to "sit up straight" and "stand tall", but do they say that because an erect posture is more aesthetically pleasing, or is it the key to a pain-free back? It's commonly believed that 'slump' sitting or 'slouch' standing damages our spines. But, is slouching really that bad?
我们听到家人和老师告诉我们“坐直”和“站直”，但他们是说因为直立的姿势更美观，还是背部不疼痛的关键？ 人们普遍认为“低头”坐姿或“无精打采”站立会损害我们的脊柱。 但是，驼背真的有那么糟糕吗？
Meghan Markowski, physiotherapist at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital, says that a poor posture can lead to neck pain and back problems. She also links it to other problems like poor balance, headaches and breathing difficulties. Meghan says we should aim for an upright spine position and to avoid flexing and arching our backs. But, if you're a sloucher, there may be some good news coming from the last two decades of research…
哈佛大学附属布莱根妇女医院的物理治疗师梅根·马科夫斯基表示，不良姿势会导致颈部疼痛和背部问题。 她还将其与平衡不良、头痛和呼吸困难等其他问题联系起来。 梅根说，我们应该以直立的脊柱姿势为目标，避免弯曲和拱起背部。 但是，如果你是个懒散的人，过去二十年的研究可能会带来一些好消息……
In an article called "Sit Up Straight: Time to Re-evaluate", physiotherapist Diane Slater and colleagues review the current research and conclude that there is no strong evidence that slouching aggravates back pain, or even that a perfect posture exists. Instead, they argue that differences in our spinal curvatures are a fact of life, and that our backs are stronger than we think.
在一篇名为《坐直：重新评估的时候》的文章中，物理治疗师黛安·斯莱特及其同事回顾了当前的研究，得出的结论是，没有强有力的证据表明弯腰会加重背痛，甚至没有完美的姿势存在。 相反，他们认为我们脊柱弯曲的差异是生活中的事实，而且我们的背部比我们想象的更强壮。
So, we're not sure that slouching causes back pain, but have you ever felt like slouching puts you in a worse mood? A 2014 study by Johannes Michalak and colleagues found that depressed participants in a slumped seated position remembered more negative words than positive, but this improved once they sat upright. That means that the way we sit might make us feel more negative. Should we sit up straight and stand tall then?
所以，我们不确定弯腰驼背是否会导致背痛，但您是否曾经感觉弯腰驼背会让您的心情变得更糟？ Johannes Michalak 及其同事在 2014 年进行的一项研究发现，抑郁的参与者在弯腰坐姿时记住的消极词汇多于积极词汇，但一旦他们坐直，这种情况就会有所改善。 这意味着我们的坐姿可能会让我们感到更加消极。 那我们是不是应该坐直、站直呢？
Something both sides seem to agree on is that we should avoid staying in one static posture throughout the day – we should change positions and stretch. The human spine is designed to be on the move and a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of back pain. If you're unable to do this, slouching in front of your computer all day may cause you discomfort, but the evidence tells us it's not actually damaging your spine.
双方似乎都同意，我们应该避免整天保持一种静态姿势——我们应该改变姿势并伸展身体。 人类的脊柱是为了移动而设计的，久坐的生活方式会增加背痛的风险。 如果您无法做到这一点，那么整天懒洋洋地坐在电脑前可能会让您感到不适，但证据告诉我们，这实际上并不会损害您的脊柱。
词汇表
erect posture 昂首挺胸的姿势，腰板挺直的姿势
aesthetically pleasing 雅观的，看着舒服的
pain-free 无痛的
slump sitting 弯腰弓背的坐姿，懒散的坐姿
slouch standing 弯腰驼背的站姿
spine 脊柱
physiotherapist 理疗医师
upright 挺直的
flex 向后弯曲
arch 向后拱
sloucher 低头垂肩的人，弯腰驼背的人
aggravate 加重，使严重
spinal curvature 脊柱弯曲
static 静止的
on the move 活动的
sedentary 久坐不动的
discomfort 不适 -
Whether it's clubs such as Bury going bust, Derby's current financial problems or the 'big six' wanting to form a breakaway super league, the government's view is football needs protecting, at times from itself.
无论是像贝里这样的足球俱乐部面临破产、德比郡目前的财务问题，还是英超 “六大豪门” 想要脱离联赛、单独成立一项超级联赛，面对这些足坛危机，英国政府的看法是：足球需要保护，有时甚至需要保护其免受自身的伤害。
It wants English football to have an independent regulator to keep spending under control, and it wants fans to have more of a say in how their club is run – from the location of a new stadium to changes in kit colour. And anyone wanting to own a football club should not only face financial background checks but scrutiny of their integrity.
英国政府希望英格兰足球联赛能由一个独立的监管机构来控制支出，并就俱乐部的运营方式，从新球场的地点到球衣颜色的变化等方面，赋予球迷更多的话语权。而任何想要拥有一家足球俱乐部的人，不仅应接受财务背景调查，还应接受审查，以确认其品行端正。
These proposals could take time to become law – if they do at all. And they're expected to face opposition from some in the game who fear change could affect the competitive balance or levels of investment.
这些提议就算有可能成为正式法规，也需要时间。预计新建议将面临一些足坛人士的反对，他们担心变化可能会影响竞争平衡和投资水平。
词汇表
going bust 破产，倒闭
the 'big six' 英超 “六大豪门” 足球俱乐部
regulator 监管机构
fans 球迷
scrutiny 详细审查
integrity 品行端正、诚实
opposition 反对意见
competitive balance 竞争平衡 -
An ancient fossil found by a girl and her father on a beach in England belongs to a creature that might have been among the largest animals ever on Earth.
一个女孩和她的父亲在英格兰的海滩上发现了一块古老的化石，属于一种可能是地球上最大的动物之一的生物。
Researchers said in a recent study that the fossilized bone, called a surangular, was from a reptile called an ichthyosaur that lived in the sea. Based on its size, compared to the same bone in closely related ichthyosaurs, the researchers estimated that the creature was between 22 and 26 meters long. They named it Ichthyotitan severnensis.
研究人员在最近的一项研究中表示，这块被称为“苏拉格”的骨骼化石来自一种生活在海中的鱼龙爬行动物。 根据其大小，与密切相关的鱼龙的同一块骨头相比，研究人员估计该生物的长度在 22 至 26 米之间。 他们将其命名为 Ichthyotitan severnensis。
That would make it possibly the largest known marine reptile. Its size would be close to the largest whales alive today. The blue whale, considered the largest animal ever to have lived, can reach about 30 meters in length.
这将使它可能成为已知最大的海洋爬行动物。 它的大小接近当今现存最大的鲸鱼。 蓝鲸被认为是有史以来最大的动物，体长可达 30 米左右。
Marine reptiles lived in the world's oceans at the same time that dinosaurs lived on the land. Ichthyosaurs disappeared 90 million years ago. They came in several sizes. The creatures ate fish and other sea animals.
海洋爬行动物生活在世界各地的海洋中，同时恐龙生活在陆地上。 鱼龙在九千万年前就消失了。 它们有多种尺寸。 这些生物吃鱼和其他海洋动物。
Ichthyotitan, however, is known only from two jawbones. The jaw forms the lower part of the mouth.
然而，鱼泰坦仅通过两块颌骨而被了解。 下颌形成嘴的下部。
Ruby Reynolds and her father Justin Reynolds found one of the bones in 2020 at Blue Anchor in Somerset. The other bone is from a different Ichthyotitan individual found in 2016, along the Somerset coast at Lilstock.
鲁比·雷诺兹 (Ruby Reynolds) 和她的父亲贾斯汀·雷诺兹 (Justin Reynolds) 于 2020 年在萨默塞特郡的蓝锚发现了其中一根骨头。 另一块骨头来自于 2016 年在利尔斯托克萨默塞特海岸发现的另一个鱼泰坦个体。
Dean Lomax was the lead writer of the study published recently in PLOS ONE. Lomax said, "It is quite remarkable to think that gigantic, blue whale-sized ichthyosaurs were swimming in the oceans around the time that dinosaurs were walking on land in what is now the UK (Britain) during the Triassic Period.”
Dean Lomax 是最近在 PLOS ONE 上发表的这项研究的主要作者。 洛马克斯说：“在三叠纪时期，在现在的英国，恐龙在陆地上行走的时候，巨大的蓝鲸大小的鱼龙正在海洋中游泳，这是非常值得注意的。”
The Triassic Period describes a time over 200 million years ago.
三叠纪描述的是两亿多年前的一段时期。
Ruby Reynolds was 11 at the time she and her father discovered the fossil surangular bone on the beach. Ruby continued to search the area and found a second piece - much larger than the first - partly buried in the ground. They then contacted Lomax, an ichthyosaur expert, and more parts of the bone were unearthed.
鲁比·雷诺兹 (Ruby Reynolds) 和父亲在海滩上发现了角骨化石时，她才 11 岁。 鲁比继续搜寻该地区，发现了第二块——比第一块大得多——部分埋在地下。 随后他们联系了鱼龙专家洛马克斯，更多的骨头部分被挖掘出来。
Ruby’s part in the discovery has led to comparisons with Mary Anning. Anning was a 19th century British fossil hunter who, among other things, discovered ichthyosaur fossils when she was 12.
鲁比在这一发现中所扮演的角色导致人们将其与玛丽·安宁进行比较。 安宁是一位 19 世纪的英国化石猎人，她在 12 岁时发现了鱼龙化石。
"I think Mary Anning was an incredible paleontologist, and it's amazing to be compared to her," Ruby said.
“我认为玛丽·安宁是一位令人难以置信的古生物学家，与她相比真是太棒了，”鲁比说。
Justin Reynolds added, "It has been an amazing...and fun experience to work with these experts, and we are proud to be part of the team and co-authors of a scientific paper which names a new species and genus.”
贾斯汀·雷诺兹补充道：“与这些专家一起工作是一次令人惊叹……且有趣的经历，我们很自豪能够成为该团队的一员以及一篇命名新物种和属的科学论文的合著者。”
Fossil collector Paul de la Salle found the 2016 remains now identified as Ichthyotitan.
化石收藏家 Paul de la Salle 发现了 2016 年的遗骸，现已确定为鱼泰坦。
The big marine reptile was a member of a family of giant ichthyosaurs called Shastasauridae. These creatures lived 13 million years later than other ichthyosaurs. They survived until a world-wide event caused many kinds of animals to disappear about 201 million years ago at the end of the Triassic Period.
这种大型海洋爬行动物是巨型鱼龙科沙斯塔龙科的成员。 这些生物比其他鱼龙活得晚 1300 万年。 它们一直存活到大约2.01亿年前三叠纪末期，一场世界范围的事件导致多种动物消失。
No other fossils from Ichthyotitan have been discovered. But the researchers have been able to guess at its appearance based on other members of its family, including Shonisaurus from British Columbia, Canada.
尚未发现其他鱼泰坦化石。 但研究人员已经能够根据其家族的其他成员（包括来自加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的绍尼龙）来猜测它的外观。
Study co-writer Jimmy Waldron used the term humbled – meaning to be made to feel less important or proud – to describe the discoveries.
研究报告的合著者吉米·沃尔德伦（Jimmy Waldron）用“谦卑”这个词来形容这些发现，意思是让自己感觉不那么重要或不那么自豪。
Waldron said, "Discoveries like this create incredible moments where we become humbled at our size and place in the world.”
沃尔德伦说：“这样的发现创造了令人难以置信的时刻，让我们对自己的规模和在世界上的地位感到谦卑。”
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As a person of color, I felt this painfully myself.”
“作为一个有色人种，我自己也深有体会。”
Musandu said he is seeing a demand for his services, but his product is designed to supplement traditional photography not replace it. The goal is to help a buyer make better decisions and reduce product returns and waste.
Musandu 表示，他看到了对其服务的需求，但他的产品旨在补充传统摄影，而不是取代它。 目标是帮助买家做出更好的决策并减少产品退货和浪费。
In addition, he said, the company creates new jobs for computer programmers, who train the systems that create the models.
此外，他说，该公司还为计算机程序员创造了新的就业机会，他们训练创建模型的系统。
“If brands are serious about inclusion efforts, they will continue to hire these models of color,” Musandu said.
“如果品牌认真对待包容性努力，他们将继续雇用这些有色人种模特，”穆桑杜说。
Others in the fashion industry are fully using AI. Cameron Wilson is a former fashion photographer who started a company in Britain called The Diigitals. Wilson, who is white, designed a Black, female model named Shudu in 2017. Wilson was criticized for creating a Black model. But Shudu was used in jobs for companies like Louis Vuitton and BMW. It also helped the human model Alexsandrah. She has worked in fashion shows as a real-life version of the AI model.
时尚界的其他人正在充分利用人工智能。 卡梅伦·威尔逊 (Cameron Wilson) 是一位前时尚摄影师，他在英国创办了一家名为 The Diigitals 的公司。 威尔逊是白人，他在 2017 年设计了一位名为 Shudu 的黑人女模特。威尔逊因创造黑人模特而受到批评。 但 Shudu 曾在路易威登和宝马等公司工作过。 它还帮助了人体模型亚历山德拉。 她曾作为现实版的人工智能模特参加时装秀。
Alexsandrah said she is proud of her work that has come from The Diigitals. “The future generations can look back at and be like, ‘These are the pioneers,’” she said.
Alexsandrah 表示她对 The Diigitals 的作品感到自豪。 “子孙后代回顾过去时会说，‘他们是先驱者’，”她说。
Other models are not feeling so good about AI. Yve Edmond works as a “fit model.” She tries on clothes for companies who want to see how their designs fit a real person. She worries that the AI modeling companies are using images and videos of real people to train their systems. She calls that a violation because humans are not being paid for their part in the technology.
其他模型对人工智能的感觉不太好。 伊夫·埃德蒙 (Yve Edmond) 是一名“试衣模特”。 她为那些想看看自己的设计是否适合真人的公司试穿衣服。 她担心人工智能建模公司正在使用真人的图像和视频来训练他们的系统。 她称这是一种违规行为，因为人类在技术中的贡献并没有得到报酬。
Edmond said she was called for a photo session, but there were no new clothes. She was asked to move her body in certain ways and walk for a recording. The client said it was “research.” Edmond said she felt “swindled.”
埃德蒙说，她被要求拍照，但没有新衣服。 她被要求以某种方式移动身体并步行进行录音。 客户说这是“研究”。 埃德蒙说她感觉“被骗了”。
Unlike film actors and writers, who went on strike to protest the use of AI without a legal agreement, there are no similar labor groups for models.
与电影演员和作家在没有法律协议的情况下罢工抗议人工智能的使用不同，模特界没有类似的劳工组织。
Ziff, of Model Alliance, is pushing for labor laws for fashion workers. The state of New York is working on the Fashion Workers Act. The law would include laws related to models who are used in AI. A model would need to give written permission to a company that planned to use AI to create a computer image of the model. The contract would show the pay rate and the length of time that the replica could be used.
模特联盟的齐夫正在推动针对时尚工人的劳动法。 纽约州正在制定《时装工人法案》。 该法律将包括与人工智能中使用的模型相关的法律。 模型需要向计划使用人工智能创建模型的计算机图像的公司提供书面许可。 合同将显示复制品的付费率和使用期限。
For AI and the fashion business, it is still early. Ziff compared it to a time of lawlessness in the early American West. Alexsandrah said she believes AI is helping her career—with the right rules. But Edmond is not so sure about AI.
对于人工智能和时尚行业来说，现在还为时过早。 齐夫将其与美国西部早期无法无天的时期进行了比较。 Alexsandrah 表示，她相信人工智能正在通过正确的规则帮助她的职业生涯。 但埃德蒙对人工智能不太确定。
She said Earth has “a person of every shade, every height, every size. Why not find that person and compensate that person?”
她说地球上有“各种肤色、各种身高、各种体型的人。 为什么不找到那个人，补偿那个人呢？”
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Alexsandrah is a fashion model in London. She has a twin.
Alexsandrah 是伦敦的一名时装模特。 她有一个双胞胎。
But her twin is not her sister.
但她的双胞胎不是她的妹妹。
The twin is a product of Artificial Intelligence, or AI.
这对双胞胎是人工智能（AI）的产物。
Whenever Alexsandrah is not available to work with a photographer, the virtual twin takes her place.
每当 Alexsandrah 无法与摄影师合作时，虚拟双胞胎就会取代她的位置。
When a company chooses to use the AI Alexsandrah, the real-life version gets paid. Alexsandrah said her AI twin is exactly like her.
当一家公司选择使用人工智能 Alexsandrah 时，现实生活中的版本就会获得报酬。 Alexsandrah 说她的人工智能双胞胎和她一模一样。
Alexandrah’s twin is an example of how computer images are influencing creative industries.
亚历山德拉的双胞胎是计算机图像如何影响创意产业的一个例子。
Those in favor of using AI in fashion say the virtual models permit companies to show possible buyers how their clothing looks on people of all shapes and sizes. In the real world, it would be difficult and costly to find a model for every skin color and body shape.
那些支持在时尚界使用人工智能的人表示，虚拟模特可以让公司向潜在买家展示他们的衣服穿在各种身材和体型的人身上是什么样子。 在现实世界中，找到适合每种肤色和体型的模特既困难又昂贵。
The companies that make clothing say using AI prevents people from buying their products, trying them on at home, and then sending them back if they dislike them. The problem is that AI models can take work away from human models, makeup artists and photographers.
服装制造公司表示，使用人工智能可以防止人们购买他们的产品，在家试穿，如果不喜欢就将其退回。 问题在于人工智能模型可能会抢走真人模特、化妆师和摄影师的工作。
The fashion industry has often been criticized for using models who are only white or tall or who fit one idea of beauty. Activists for including many groups in fashion say some companies could seem like they are employing minorities when they are just using AI models.
时尚界经常因使用白人或高个子模特或符合一种审美观念的模特而受到批评。 支持将许多时尚群体纳入其中的活动人士表示，一些公司在使用人工智能模型时可能看起来像是在雇佣少数群体。
Sara Ziff is a former fashion model who started Model Alliance, a nonprofit group for workers’ rights in the fashion industry. Ziff said the use of AI shows there is a difference between the industry’s words and its actions.
萨拉·齐夫 (Sara Ziff) 是一名前时装模特，她创办了模特联盟 (Model Alliance)，这是一个致力于时尚行业工人权利的非营利组织。 Ziff 表示，人工智能的使用表明该行业的言行之间存在差异。
Levi Strauss is an American clothing company known for its blue jeans. In March 2023, the company said it would be testing AI-generated models from a company in Amsterdam. The aim was to show how its clothing fit people of all sizes. But after criticism, the company said it would not reduce its use of human models.
李维斯 (Levi Strauss) 是一家美国服装公司，以其蓝色牛仔裤而闻名。 2023 年 3 月，该公司表示将测试阿姆斯特丹一家公司的人工智能生成模型。 目的是展示其服装如何适合各种身材的人。 但在受到批评后，该公司表示不会减少人体模型的使用。
Levi Strauss said it would not “substitute” AI for action toward its “diversity, equity and inclusion goals.”
李维·施特劳斯表示，它不会“取代”人工智能来实现其“多元化、公平和包容性目标”。
The Associated Press (AP) recently asked some clothing businesses to state their position on the use of AI models. AP asked Target, Kohls, Nieman Marcus, Walmart and Macys. It also asked international companies Temu, Shein and H&M. Some chose not to answer. Others said they do not use AI models. Walmart said it does not use AI models but “suppliers may have a different approach to photography.”
美联社（AP）最近要求一些服装企业表明他们对使用人工智能模型的立场。 美联社询问了塔吉特、科尔斯、尼曼·马库斯、沃尔玛和梅西百货。 它还询问了国际公司 Temu、Shein 和 H&M。 有些人选择不回答。 其他人则表示他们不使用人工智能模型。 沃尔玛表示，它不使用人工智能模型，但“供应商可能有不同的摄影方法。”
Lalaland.ai creates AI models. Michael Musandu started the company. Musandu grew up in Africa and studied in the Netherlands. He started the company when he saw that not many models looked like him – Black and African.
Lalaland.ai 创建人工智能模型。 迈克尔·穆桑杜 (Michael Musandu) 创办了这家公司。 穆桑杜在非洲长大，在荷兰学习。 当他发现没有多少模特像他一样——黑人和非洲人时，他创办了这家公司。
“One model does not represent everyone that’s actually shopping and buying a product,” he said.
“一个模型并不能代表所有实际购物和购买产品的人，”他说。
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A new study has found that 41 percent of cancer drugs receiving accelerated government approval do not improve survival or quality of life.
一项新研究发现，41% 获得政府加速批准的抗癌药物并不能改善生存或生活质量。
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) accelerated approval program aims to get new drugs to patients as quickly as possible. But the effectiveness of the drugs differs.
美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 的加速审批计划旨在尽快为患者提供新药。 但药物的功效不同。
The program was created in 1992 to speed up the approval of HIV drugs. Today, about 85 percent of accelerated approvals go to cancer drugs.
该计划创建于 1992 年，旨在加快艾滋病毒药物的审批速度。 如今，大约 85% 的加速批准用于抗癌药物。
The program helps the FDA collect data on early results of approved drugs. In exchange, drug companies are expected to use the data to do additional testing. They are to produce better evidence before drugs receive normal approval.
该计划帮助 FDA 收集已批准药物的早期结果数据。 作为交换，制药公司预计将使用这些数据进行额外的测试。 他们将在药物获得正常批准之前提供更好的证据。
The new study suggests most cancer drugs given accelerated approval do not improve or extend patients’ lives within five years.
这项新研究表明，大多数加速批准的癌症药物在五年内不会改善或延长患者的生命。
Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel is a cancer specialist and bioethicist at the University of Pennsylvania. He was not involved in the research.
Ezekiel Emanuel 博士是宾夕法尼亚大学的癌症专家和生物伦理学家。 他没有参与这项研究。
Emanuel told The Associated Press (AP) he thinks five years should be enough time to examine the effectiveness of new drugs. “Thousands of people are getting those drugs. That seems a mistake if we don’t know whether they work or not," he added.
伊曼纽尔告诉美联社（美联社），他认为五年应该有足够的时间来检验新药的有效性。 “成千上万的人正在服用这些药物。 如果我们不知道它们是否有效，那似乎是一个错误，”他补充道。
It is up to the FDA or the drug company to withdraw drugs that do not perform well. Sometimes the FDA decides that less clear evidence is good enough to give full approval.
FDA 或制药公司有权撤回表现不佳的药物。 有时 FDA 认为不太明确的证据足以给予完全批准。
The new study found that between 2013 and 2017, 46 cancer drugs were given accelerated approval. Of those, 63 percent were moved to normal approval. Forty-three percent demonstrated a good medical result in tests.
新研究发现，2013年至2017年间，有46种抗癌药物获得加速批准。 其中，63% 转为正常批准。 百分之四十三的人在测试中表现出良好的医疗结果。
The study was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. It was also discussed at the recent meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in San Diego, California.
该研究发表在《美国医学会杂志》上。 最近在加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥举行的美国癌症研究协会会议上也讨论了这一问题。
Dr. Edward Cliff of Harvard Medical School was a co-writer of the study. He told the AP it is unclear how much cancer patients understand about drugs with accelerated approval. “We raise the question: Is that uncertainty being conveyed to patients?” he said.
哈佛医学院的爱德华·克里夫博士是该研究的合著者。 他告诉美联社，目前尚不清楚癌症患者对加速批准药物的了解程度。 “我们提出一个问题：这种不确定性是否传达给了患者？” 他说。
Drugs that received accelerated approval may be the only chance for patients with rare or advanced cancers, said Dr. Jennifer Litton. She is with the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. Litton, who was not involved with the study, said it is important for doctors to carefully explain the evidence.
Jennifer Litton 博士表示，获得加速批准的药物可能是罕见或晚期癌症患者的唯一机会。 她在德克萨斯州休斯顿的 MD 安德森癌症中心工作。 利顿没有参与这项研究，他说医生仔细解释证据很重要。
“It might be shrinking of tumor. It might be how long the tumor stays stable,” Litton said. “You can provide the data you have, but you shouldn’t overpromise.”
“这可能是肿瘤缩小了。 这可能是肿瘤保持稳定的时间，”利顿说。 “你可以提供你所拥有的数据，但你不应该过度承诺。”
Congress recently changed the program to give the FDA more power and to simplify the process of withdrawing drugs when companies do not meet their commitments.
国会最近修改了该计划，赋予 FDA 更多权力，并简化公司未履行承诺时撤回药品的流程。
The changes permit the FDA “to withdraw approval for a drug approved under accelerated approval, when appropriate, more quickly,” said FDA spokesperson Cherie Duvall-Jones. The agency can now require that confirmatory tests be started when the agency gives the first approval. This can speed up the process of confirming how effective a drug is, Duvall-Jones said.
FDA 发言人 Cherie Duvall-Jones 表示，这些变化允许 FDA“在适当的情况下，更快地撤回对加速审批下批准的药物的批准”。 该机构现在可以要求在首次批准时开始验证性测试。 杜瓦尔-琼斯说，这可以加快确认药物有效性的过程。
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It's been quite a 12 months for Taylor Swift. She's in the middle of a record-breaking tour and stole the show at this year's Grammy Awards.
对泰勒·斯威夫特来说，过去的12个月可谓异彩纷呈。除了举办破记录的全球巡回演唱会外，她还在今年的格莱美奖颁奖典礼上抢尽风头，大放光彩。
Now she's entered the Forbes World's Billionaires List for the first time with an estimated worth of $1.1bn, ranking among the likes of the tech tycoons Jeff Bezos and Sam Altman, who created the AI chatbot, ChatGPT.
现在，泰勒·斯威夫特以11亿美元的财富估值首次登上福布斯全球亿万富豪榜，加入了科技大亨杰夫·贝索斯和人工智能聊天机器人 ChatGPT （聊天生成型预训练变换模型）创始人萨姆·奥尔特曼等人之列。
The French luxury goods titan Bernard Arnault and his family topped the chart with an estimated worth of $233bn, followed by Elon Musk, who owns X, formerly Twitter, with $195bn.
法国奢侈品巨头伯纳德·阿尔诺及家族以2330亿美元的财富估值位居榜首，排名第二的是埃隆·马斯克，个人财富约为1950亿美元，他是社交媒体平台 “X”（前身为推特）的所有者。
词汇表
in the middle of 正忙于
record-breaking 破纪录的
stole the show 大放异彩，抢尽风头
Grammy Awards 格莱美奖
estimated worth 财富估值
ranking （在榜上）排在…
the likes of …之类
tech tycoons 科技大亨
AI chatbot 人工智能聊天机器人
topped the chart 位居榜首，排名第一
formerly 以前 -
Have you heard of these dance moves? The lego leg? A clock blender? Helicopter? Don't worry. By the end of the summer, you may know all these words! Paris is preparing to host the Olympic and Paralympic games, and a new sport will be making its debut.
您听说过这些舞蹈动作吗？ 乐高腿？ 时钟搅拌机？ 直升机？ 不用担心。 到夏天结束时，你可能会知道所有这些单词！ 巴黎正在准备举办奥运会和残奥会，一项新的运动项目将首次亮相。
Breaking is also known as breakdancing. The dance sport is characterised by stylised footwork, acrobatic movements and freezing, where the B-boy or B-girl stops all movement, often upside down and balancing on one hand. From power moves like windmills and head spins, breakdancers really push the limits of physicality and creativity.
霹雳舞也称为霹雳舞。 这项舞蹈运动的特点是程式化的步法、杂技动作和冻结，其中 B-boy 或 B-girl 停止所有动作，通常是倒立并用一只手保持平衡。 通过风车和旋转等力量动作，霹雳舞者真正突破了身体素质和创造力的极限。
It was in the streets of the Bronx, New York, in the 1970s that breaking emerged as a revolutionary dance form, deeply rooted in hip-hop culture. It's come a long way from there to the world stage in Paris. Athletes from around the world will showcase their skills in one-on-one battles, where each dancer has 60 seconds to impress the judges with their improvisation and proficiency in six criteria: creativity, versatility, performance skills, personality, technique and musicality.
20 世纪 70 年代，在纽约布朗克斯的街道上，霹雳舞作为一种革命性的舞蹈形式出现，深深植根于嘻哈文化中。 从那里到巴黎的世界舞台已经走了很长的路。 来自世界各地的运动员将在一对一的比赛中展示他们的技能，每位舞者有 60 秒的时间通过他们的即兴表演和对六个标准的熟练程度给评委留下深刻印象：创造力、多才多艺、表演技巧、个性、技术和音乐性。
However, as breaking moves from a lifestyle to a competitive sport, some fear it risks losing its spontaneity and creativity. Thorsten Sufke, President of the Berlin Dance Sport Association, emphasises that breaking is an expression of urban culture, representing the raw energy of the streets, while B-Boy Carl Ferdinand Beccard expresses concerns that the Olympic format may suppress the artistic freedom of breaking, reducing it to a checklist of predefined moves.
然而，随着突破从一种生活方式转变为一项竞技运动，一些人担心它可能会失去其自发性和创造力。 柏林舞蹈运动协会主席托尔斯滕·萨夫克 (Thorsten Sufke) 强调霹雳舞是城市文化的一种表达，代表着街道的原始能量，而街舞男孩卡尔·费迪南德·贝卡德 (Carl Ferdinand Beccard) 则担心奥运会形式可能会压制霹雳舞的艺术自由， 将其简化为预定义动作清单。
Whichever way you look at it, you can expect thrilling dance performances never before seen at an Olympics this summer.
无论从哪个角度来看，今年夏天的奥运会上您都可以期待前所未有的惊心动魄的舞蹈表演。
词汇表
breaking 霹雳舞
stylised 风格化的
acrobatic 杂技般的
freezing 定格动作
B-boy 男霹雳舞者
B-girl 女霹雳舞者
windmill “风车” 动作
head spin 头转动作
push the limit 突破极限
root 在…扎根
hip-hop 嘻哈
showcase 展示
battle 对抗赛
improvisation 即兴表演
proficiency 水平，能力
versatility 多样性
musicality 音乐性
spontaneity 自发性
predefined 预先明确的，预先设定的
move 动作 -
If you’re in a job performing tedious tasks, you might think that a robot could do the work instead. But perhaps we underestimate how much technology already helps with the activities that we would otherwise have to do. And as artificial intelligence progresses we might find it replaces us in the workplace altogether.
如果您从事的工作是执行繁琐的任务，您可能会认为机器人可以代替这项工作。 但也许我们低估了技术已经对我们本来必须做的活动有多大帮助。 随着人工智能的进步，我们可能会发现它在工作场所完全取代了我们。
For now, robotic technology is providing a helping hand for businesses, particularly in manufacturing, assisting humans in performing work more efficiently and sometimes more accurately. For online shopping, for example, robots have become essential in giant warehouses. They sort and move millions of objects of all different shapes and sizes, although humans are still needed to pick and distribute the goods.
目前，机器人技术正在为企业（尤其是制造业）提供帮助，帮助人类更高效、有时甚至更准确地完成工作。 例如，对于在线购物，机器人已成为巨型仓库中必不可少的部分。 尽管仍然需要人类来挑选和分发货物，但它们对数以百万计的各种不同形状和大小的物体进行分类和移动。
The advancement of robotics in the workplace is good for some businesses; the ones who research, develop, build and use them. The British government estimates that by 2035, artificial intelligence could add around £630bn to the UK economy. But there are still tasks that robots can’t yet do, and that’s the challenge for companies such as Automata. Its co-founder, Suryansh Chandra, told the BBC that his technology will eliminate boring, repetitive jobs that humans don't like and aren't very good at, and also create new ones that are likely to replace them.
机器人技术在工作场所的进步对某些企业有利； 研究、开发、构建和使用它们的人。 英国政府估计，到 2035 年，人工智能将为英国经济增加约 6300 亿英镑。 但仍有一些任务是机器人无法完成的，这对 Automata 等公司来说是一个挑战。 其联合创始人苏扬什·钱德拉 (Suryansh Chandra) 告诉 BBC，他的技术将消除人类不喜欢且不擅长的无聊、重复性工作，并创造可能取代它们的新工作。
It seems inevitable that robots will eventually be able to do more and more of the jobs that are currently performed by humans, so should we be worried by the rise of the machines? Some experts fear hundreds of thousands of jobs could disappear as robots replace human workers. A report by the OECD suggests that 14% of jobs are "at high risk of automation" and 32% of jobs could be "radically transformed", with the manufacturing sector at the highest risk.
机器人最终将能够完成越来越多目前由人类完成的工作似乎是不可避免的，所以我们应该对机器的崛起感到担忧吗？ 一些专家担心，随着机器人取代人类工人，数十万个工作岗位可能会消失。 经合组织的一份报告表明，14%的工作“面临自动化的高风险”，32%的工作可能会“彻底改变”，其中制造业面临的风险最高。
But as complete automation is some way off, for now we’ll have to work side-by-side with our robot colleagues - and manage to get along with them before they learn to kick us out of the door!
但由于完全自动化还有一段路要走，现在我们必须与我们的机器人同事并肩工作 - 并设法与他们相处，然后他们学会把我们踢出家门！
词汇表
robot 机器人
artificial intelligence 人工智能
robotic 像机器人的
a helping hand 帮助，助（人）一臂之力
efficiently 有效地
accurately 准确地
essential 必不可少的
sort 挑拣，分类
distribute 分送
advancement 发展
robotics 机器人技术
research 研究
develop 开发
eliminate 消除
repetitive 重复的
inevitable 不可避免的
automation 自动化
transformed 被彻底改变
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United States health officials are warning of an increase in rare bacterial illnesses that can lead to meningitis. It is a serious and often deadly disease in which an outside barrier of the brain or related tissues becomes infected and swollen.
美国卫生官员警告称，可能导致脑膜炎的罕见细菌性疾病有所增加。 这是一种严重且往往致命的疾病，大脑或相关组织的外部屏障受到感染和肿胀。
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a warning on March 28 about the increase in one kind of invasive “meningococcal disease” called serogroup Y.
美国疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 于 3 月 28 日发出警告，称一种名为 Y 血清群的侵袭性“脑膜炎球菌病”有所增加。
Last year, 422 cases of it were reported in the U.S. — the most in a year since 2014. So far this year, 143 cases have been reported. That means infections are on their way to go above 2023 numbers, the CDC said.
去年，美国报告了 422 例此类病例，这是自 2014 年以来最多的一年。今年到目前为止，已报告了 143 例。 CDC 表示，这意味着感染人数将超过 2023 年。
Most of the cases last year did not involve meningitis, though at least 17 died. The cases were more common in adults ages 30 to 60, in Black people and those who have HIV, the CDC said.
去年的大多数病例并不涉及脑膜炎，但至少有 17 人死亡。 CDC 表示，这些病例在 30 至 60 岁的成年人、黑人和艾滋病毒感染者中更为常见。
HIV is a virus that can lead to AIDS, a serious disease that can destroy the body’s natural defense system.
艾滋病毒是一种可以导致艾滋病的病毒，艾滋病是一种可以破坏人体自然防御系统的严重疾病。
The infection caused by meningococcal disease can lead to symptoms that may include high body temperature, head and upper body pain, nausea, and throwing up
脑膜炎球菌病引起的感染可导致体温升高、头部和上半身疼痛、恶心和呕吐等症状
The bacteria can also cause an infection in the blood system. That infection could bring cold, tiredness, cold hands and feet, quick breathing, diarrhea, or discoloration of the skin.
这种细菌还会引起血液系统感染。 这种感染可能会带来寒冷、疲劳、手脚冰冷、呼吸急促、腹泻或皮肤变色。
The infection can be treated with medications like antibiotics. But treatment must be quick to be successful. An estimated 10 to 15 percent of infected people die. And survivors sometimes lose the ability to hear or body parts must be surgically removed
感染可以用抗生素等药物治疗。 但治疗必须快速才能成功。 据估计，10% 至 15% 的感染者会死亡。 幸存者有时会失去听力，或者必须通过手术切除身体部位
There also are vaccines against meningococcal disease.
还有针对脑膜炎球菌病的疫苗。
Officials suggest that all children should get a “meningococcal conjugate vaccine” around the age of 11. Since vaccine protection weakens over time, the CDC also suggests a second shot at age 16.
官员建议所有儿童在 11 岁左右都应该接种“脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗”。由于疫苗保护作用会随着时间的推移而减弱，CDC 还建议在 16 岁时进行第二次注射。
The CDC also suggests the shots for people at higher risk. Higher-risk individuals might include those who live where an outbreak is taking place or those with HIV infection or other kinds of health conditions.
疾病预防控制中心还建议高危人群注射疫苗。 高风险人群可能包括居住在疫情爆发地区的人、感染艾滋病毒或患有其他健康问题的人。
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Tokyo visitors can now join a special tour of one of the Japanese city's modern wonders: its public toilets.
东京游客现在可以参加一次特别游览，参观这座日本城市的现代奇观之一：公共厕所。
Penelope Panczuk recently went on the Tokyo Toilet Shuttle for a two-hour visit of artistic public bathrooms.
佩内洛普·潘祖克 (Penelope Panczuk) 最近乘坐东京厕所班车，参观了两个小时的艺术公共浴室。
Panczuk got the idea after seeing "Perfect Days", the Oscar-nominated film about a toilet cleaner in the city's Shibuya district.
潘丘克在观看奥斯卡提名影片《完美的日子》后萌生了这个想法，这部影片讲述了涩谷区厕所清洁工的故事。
"In the U.S. or in France where I originally come from, you just don't go," Panczuk said of using public bathrooms.
“在美国或我的祖国法国，你就别去，”潘丘克在谈到使用公共浴室时说道。
She added that in Tokyo, the bathrooms are "extremely clean, they're very safe and each one is so different it feels like it's a new discovery each time."
她补充说，在东京，浴室“非常干净，非常安全，而且每间浴室都如此不同，感觉每次都是一个新发现。”
The shuttle began in March with visitors coming to Japan in record numbers. A drop in the value of the Japanese yen has made it less costly for many lovers of Japanese culture to visit for the first time.
班车于三月份开始运营，前往日本的游客数量创下了历史新高。 日元贬值使得许多日本文化爱好者首次访问日本的成本降低了。
Among Japan's most-loved technological exports in recent years are its toilets produced by TOTO. The devices have cleansing sprays, heated seats, music, and more.
日本近年来最受欢迎的技术出口产品之一是TOTO生产的马桶。 这些设备有清洁喷雾、加热座椅、音乐等等。
The American animated comedy show South Park recently had a whole program on the toilets. Hip-hop music star DJ Khaled announced on Instagram that he appreciated a gift of four TOTO bowls from the rapper Drake.
美国动画喜剧节目《南方公园》最近有一整套关于厕所的节目。 嘻哈音乐明星 DJ Khaled 在 Instagram 上宣布，他很欣赏说唱歌手 Drake 赠送的四个 TOTO 碗礼物。
The nonprofit Nippon Foundation started the Tokyo Toilet Project in 2020. It asked creators including Pritzker Prize-winning architect Tadao Ando to develop new toilets. The goal was to increase accessibility and artistry in 17 public toilets in the Shibuya district.
非营利组织日本财团于 2020 年启动了东京厕所项目。它要求包括普利兹克奖获得者建筑师安藤忠雄在内的创作者开发新厕所。 目标是提高涩谷区 17 个公厕的无障碍性和艺术性。
The project was not meant to be something foreign visitors would want to see. But Shibuya's government saw a chance to increase interest in the area beyond its famous street crossing.
该项目并不是外国游客愿意看到的。 但涩谷政府看到了一个机会，可以提高人们对该地区除了著名的十字路口之外的兴趣。
"The highlight for visitors is that they can be driven around the less-visited parts of Shibuya and enjoy the entire district while checking out the toilets," said Yumiko Nishi, a tourist association manager for the area.
该地区旅游协会经理西由美子 (Yumiko Nishi) 表示：“对游客来说，最大的亮点是他们可以开车游览涩谷人迹罕至的地区，并在检查厕所的同时欣赏整个地区。”
People on the tour pay $32.76 to visit nine different toilets, including one with clear walls that turn opaque when users enter. Another is operated by voice commands.
参观者支付 32.76 美元参观九个不同的厕所，其中一个厕所的墙壁是透明的，当用户进入时，墙壁就会变得不透明。 另一种是通过语音命令操作。
Takao Karino, visiting from Japan's western city of Osaka, wondered at the wide entrance of a facility created by British designer Miles Pennington.
从日本西部城市大阪来访的卡里诺高夫 (Takao Karino) 对英国设计师迈尔斯·彭宁顿 (Miles Pennington) 设计的设施的宽阔入口感到惊讶。
"There's nothing else like this in Japa" 69-year-old Karino said about the tour. "It's unusual, it's unique, it's honestly brilliant."
69 岁的卡里诺 (Karino) 谈到这次巡演时说：“在日本没有其他这样的地方。” “这很不寻常，很独特，确实很出色。”
- Visa fler
