Avsnitt

  • We throw around the term hyperspeed a lot in movies, shows, sci fi novels. What actually is it and where did it originate from?? Tune into this episode to learn all about it!

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    Henna's Sources:
    “1930s.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Mar. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930s#Science_and_technology.
    ghola2010. “Dark Star Movie (1974) from John Carpenter.” YouTube, YouTube, 29 Apr. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocse-0bBfo8&t=963s&ab_channel=WhitemancameTookeverything.
    “Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction.” Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction, sfdictionary.com/.
    “Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Oct. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Science_Fiction.
    “Hyperspace.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Mar. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspace.
    “Pulp Magazine.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Mar. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine.

    Anna's Links:
    Alcubierre, Miguel. “The Warp Drive: Hyper-Fast Travel within General Relativity.” Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 11, no. 5, 1994, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001.
    Beall, Abigail. “What Is Einstein's Theory of Relativity?” WIRED UK, WIRED UK, 28 Mar. 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/einstein-theory-relativity.
    “The Casimir Effect: A Force from Nothing.” Physics World, 6 Feb. 2018, physicsworld.com/a/the-casimir-effect-a-force-from-nothing.
    “Energy Density of Some Combustibles (in MJ/Kg): The Geography of Transport Systems.” The Geography of Transport Systems | The Spatial Organization of Transportation and Mobility, 5 Oct. 2021, transportgeography.org/contents/chapter4/transportation-and-energy/combustibles-energy-content/.
    “Energy Density.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density.
    “Exotic Matter.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Mar. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_matter.
    Lentz, Erik W. “Breaking the Warp Barrier: Hyper-Fast Solitons in Einstein–Maxwell-Plasma Theory.” Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 38, no. 7, 2021, p. 075015., doi:10.1088/1361-6382/abe692.
    “Warp Drives: Physicists Give Chances of Faster-than-Light Space Travel a Boost: Human World.” EarthSky, 15 May 2021, earthsky.org/space/warp-drive-chances-of-faster-than-light-space-travel/.

  • Airplanes are cool, right?! How much do you know about their wings? We're finally back from our winter break. Grab a warm beverage and hand out with us while we chat about airfoils!

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    Henna’s Sources:
    “Airfoil.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Jan. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil.

    Anderson, John David. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.

    Darmofal, David. “Lecture Notes.” MIT OpenCourseWare, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-100-aerodynamics-fall-2005/lecture-notes/.

    “Inclination Effects on Lift.” NASA, NASA, https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/incline.html.

    Liebhaber, William. Airfoil Design, YouTube, 26 June 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fk2J5LtdSg.

    Books Mentioned:
    https://www.amazon.com/Hydrodynamics-Dover-Books-Physics-Horace/dp/0486602567

    https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Aerofoil-Airscrew-Cambridge-Classics/dp/052127494X

    Anna’s Sources:

    “Airfoil.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil.

    “Angle of Attack (AOA).” SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 6 Oct. 2021, skybrary.aero/articles/angle-attack-aoa.

    “Compressible Flow.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Sept. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressible_flow#cite_note-J.D._Anderson_2007-1.

    “Elements of the Wing Section Theory and of the Wing Theory - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS).” NASA, NASA, ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930091257.

    “Hermann Glauert.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Glauert.

    “History of Flight.” NASA, NASA, www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/historyofflight.html.

    History.com Editors. “World War I.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history.

    “Inviscid Flow.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 June 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviscid_flow.

    “Ludwig Prandtl.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl.

    “Otto Lilienthal.” Lemelson, lemelson.mit.edu/resources/otto-lilienthal.
    “Prandtl Number.” Prandtl Number - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/prandtl-number.

    “The Wright Brothers: The First Successful Airplane.” The Wright Brothers | The First Successful Airplane, airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/.

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    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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  • This week’s episode is an interview with a SPACE ANTHROPOLOGIST - Adryon Kozel! Tune in if you want to learn what space anthropology exactly is, what research is being done in the field and how you can get involved! We learned so much from Adryon and we’re so excited to have had this opportunity to interview them!

    Where you can find Adryon:
    Twitter: @AnthroAdryon
    https://ethnoiss.space/


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    Stuff Mentioned in the Episode:

    The Art of the Nozzle:
    https://www.hotnozzlesociety.org/theartofthenozzle

    Jack Sister:
    https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16888212

    Chris Hadfield:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hadfield

    ISS:
    https://www.space.com/how-to-destroy-a-space-station-safely

    Orbital Reef:
    https://www.blueorigin.com/news/orbital-reef-commercial-space-station

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • Did you know that Space Art is a genre of art? Come listen to Anna and Henna chat with space artist Amber Allen about all things Space Art!

    Where you can find Amber

    Website: https://www.amberallenart.com/
    Instagram: amberallenart
    Facebook: amberallenart

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    Stuff mentioned in the episode

    Spacefest:
    https://www.spacefest.info/

    Harvard Computers:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Computers

    Fraunhofer lines:
    https://nineplanets.org/questions/what-are-fraunhofer-lines/

    IAAA:
    https://iaaa.org/

    A Matter of Profit:
    https://www.amazon.com/Matter-Profit-Hilari-Bell/dp/0060295139

    Michael Collins’ Art:
    https://novaspace.com/product-category/space-art/michael-collins-space-art/

    Alan Bean’s Art:
    https://www.alanbean.com/

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • We're here with another Cozy Coffee Chat! Tune in to hear us answer to some of your questions and chat about our favorite shows and more!

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    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • How worried should you be about a Solar Storm hitting Earth? What is a Solar Storm anyway? Tune in to our latest episode to find out!

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    Anna's Sources:
    Gary, Prof. Dale E. “Astrophysics I: Lecture #23.” New Jersey Institute of Technology , web.njit.edu/~gary/320/Lecture23.html.

    “How Likely Is Another Carrington Event?: Earth.” EarthSky, 30 Sept. 2020, earthsky.org/space/how-likely-space-super-storms-solar-flares-carrington-event/.

    “Lead.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Sept. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead.

    Moriña, David, et al. “Probability Estimation of a Carrington-like Geomagnetic Storm.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 20 Feb. 2019, www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38918-8.

    Newman, Lily Hay. “A Bad Solar Storm Could Cause an 'Internet Apocalypse'.” Wired, Conde Nast, 26 Aug. 2021, www.wired.com/story/solar-storm-internet-apocalypse-undersea-cables/.

    Riley, Pete. “On the Probability of Occurrence of Extreme Space Weather Events.” National Academies , 7 Oct. 2014, On the Probability of Occurrence of Extreme Space Weather Events.

    “Solar Storm.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Sept. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm.

    “Sunspots and Solar Flares.” NASA, NASA, 22 July 2021, spaceplace.nasa.gov/solar-activity.

    US Department of Commerce, NOAA. “The Sun and Sunspots.” National Weather Service, NOAA's National Weather Service, 7 Aug. 2020, www.weather.gov/fsd/sunspots.

    Ventana al Conocimiento (Knowledge Window) Scientific journalism Estimated reading time Time 3 to read, et al. “When Will the next Solar Superstorm Occur?” OpenMind, 18 Sept. 2019, www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/environment/when-will-the-next-solar-superstorm-occur/.

    Henna's Sources:

    “Carrington Event.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Sept. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event.

    Chapman, S. C., et al. “Using the Index over the Last 14 Solar Cycles to CHARACTERIZE EXTREME Geomagnetic Activity.” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 47, no. 3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086524.

    Evan Gough, Universe Today. “Destructive Solar Storms Usually Hit Earth Every 25 Years or so, Say Scientists.” ScienceAlert, https://www.sciencealert.com/destructive-super-solar-storms-usually-hit-us-four-times-a-century.

    Geographics. The Carrington Event, Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgV1rwMY4yg&ab_channel=Geographics.

    “Geomagnetic Storm.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Sept. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm.

    Klein, Christopher. “A Perfect SOLAR Superstorm: The 1859 Carrington Event.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 14 Mar. 2012, https://www.history.com/news/a-perfect-solar-superstorm-the-1859-carrington-event.

    Solar Storms, Kurzgesagt, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHHSSJDJ4oo&ab_channel=Kurzgesagt%E2%80%93InaNutshell.

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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  • Do you know what Black Holes actually are? Are we actually all holograms? Pour yourself a cup of coffee (or tea) and come hang out with your friendly neighborhood aerospace engineers to find out!

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    Henna's Sources:

    Beall, Abigail. “Theory Claims to Offer the FIRST 'Evidence' Our Universe Is a Hologram.” WIRED UK, WIRED UK, 31 Jan. 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/our-universe-is-a-hologram.

    Bouman, Katherine L. “Extreme Imaging via Physical Model Inversion: Seeing around Corners and Imaging Black Holes.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017.

    Garner, Rob. “What Are Black Holes?” NASA, NASA, 15 Nov. 2017, www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/black_hole_description.html.

    “Gravitational Singularity.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Aug. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_singularity.

    [email protected]. “Anatomy of a Black Hole.” Www.eso.org, www.eso.org/public/images/eso1907h/.

    Kurzgesagt. “Black Holes Explained – from Birth to Death.” YouTube, YouTube, 15 Dec. 2015,

    Schirber, Michael. “Eye-to-Eye with a Black Hole.” Space.com, Space, 11 July 2005, www.space.com/1297-eye-eye-black-hole.html.

    “Stars.” NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/how-do-stars-form-and-evolve.

    Sutter, Paul. “Can We Solve the Black Hole Information Paradox with 'Photon Spheres'?” Space.com, Space, 16 July 2021, www.space.com/black-hole-information-paradox-photon-spheres.

    “What Happens When Stars Produce Iron?” Futurism, Futurism, 14 July 2014, futurism.com/what-happens-when-stars-produce-iron.

    Anna's Sources:

    “18Th Century.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Sept. 2021,

    Beall, Abigail. “What Is Einstein's Theory of Relativity?” WIRED UK, WIRED UK, 28 Mar. 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/einstein-theory-relativity.

    Bernstein, Jeremy. “The Reluctant Father of Black Holes.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 1 Apr. 2007, www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-reluctant-father-of-black-holes-2007-04/.

    “Black Hole of Calcutta.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Sept. 2021,

    “Black Hole.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Sept. 2021,

    Colonial America (1492-1763), www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_subj.html.

    Einstein, Albert. “On a Stationary System with Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses.” The Annals of Mathematics, vol. 40, no. 4, 1939, p. 922., doi:10.2307/1968902.

    “How Scientists Captured the First Image of a Black Hole - Teachable Moments.” NASA, NASA, 19 Apr. 2019, www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/news/2019/4/19/how-scientists-captured-the-first-image-of-a-black-hole/.

    “J. Robert Oppenheimer.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2021

    “John Michell.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 Aug. 2021,

    “John Michell: COUNTRY Parson DESCRIBED Black Holes IN 1783: Amnh.” American Museum of Natural History, www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/cosmic-horizons-book/john-michell-black-holes.

    Michael Lane Smith | Published Sep 10, et al. “The United States Was Called The United Colonies UNTIL Sept. 9, 1776.” Task & Purpose, 10 Sept. 2015, taskandpurpose.com/history/the-united-states-was-called-the-united-colonies-until-sept-9-1776/.

    Mills, Virginia. “Black Holes: Who Didn't See Them FIRST?: Royal Society.” Black Holes: Who Didn't See Them First? | Royal Society, 4 June 2019, royalsociety.org/blog/2019/06/black-holes/.

    “Planetary Motion: The History of an Idea That Launched the Scientific Revolution.” NASA, NASA, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsHistory.

    “Science and Technology.” On-Line: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, www.exnet.com/1996/02/20/science/science.html.

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • Hey there space cadets! This week we're doing another one of our coffee chats! Grab your coffee (or other beverage of choice) and come hang out with Henna and Anna as they answer one of your questions and chat about their favorite things in space right now!

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    Books:
    John, Mandel Emily St. Station Eleven: A Novel. Alfred A. Knopf, 2019.
    Tevis, Walter (1963). The Man Who Fell to Earth (2005 ed.). New York: Del Rey Books.

  • On June 25th, 2021 the United States Office of the Director of National Intelligence released a 9 page unclassified report titled “Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena”. Listen up to learn what it said!

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    Sources:

    Government Report

    Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena. 25 June 2021, www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf.

    “Establishment of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force.” U.S. Department of Defense, www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2314065/establishment-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-task-force/.

    “Inside the U.f.o. Report.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 30 June 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/podcasts/the-daily/ufo-report-pentagon.html.

    Myre, Greg. “UFO Report: No Sign of Aliens, but 143 Mystery Objects Defy Explanation.” NPR, NPR, 25 June 2021, www.npr.org/2021/06/25/1010382563/the-truth-is-still-out-there-report-says-it-didnt-find-evidence-ufos-were-aliens.

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • Electrodynamic tethers are a super cool tethers that can produce a force without fuel! How do they do this?! How long have they been around? Wait, what exactly are these again? Tune in to learn answers to these questions and more!

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Henna's Sources:
    Carmen Pardini, Toshiya Hanada, Paula H. Krisko, Benefits and risks of using electrodynamic tethers to de-orbit spacecraft, Acta Astronautica, Volume 64, Issues 5–6, 2009, Pages 571-588, ISSN 0094-5765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.10.007.

    “Electrodynamic Tether.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 July 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamic_tether.

    Hastings D.E., Roy R.I.S. (1993) A Brief Overview of Electrodynamic Tethers. In: DeWitt R.N., Duston D., Hyder A.K. (eds) The Behavior of Systems in the Space Environment. NATO ASI Series

    How Does the Earth's Core Generate a Magnetic Field?, www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-does-earths-core-generate-a-magnetic-field.

    Johnson, L., and M. Herrmann. “International Space Station Electrodynamic Tether Reboost Study.” NASA, NASA, July 1998, ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19980223479/downloads/19980223479.pdf.

    michiganengineering. “Building CubeSats to Test Electrodynamic Tethering in Space with MiTEE.” YouTube, YouTube, 13 Feb. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4YVENNlSI8.

    NASAconnect. “How NASA Uses Tethers.” YouTube, YouTube, 24 Aug. 2007, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrl9m1yIHRw&ab_channel=NASAconnect.

    “Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 July 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster.

    Anna's Sources:
    Chen, Yi, et al. “History of the Tether Concept and Tether Missions: A Review.” Hindawi, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 16 Jan. 2013, downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/502973.pdf.

    Isaacs, John D., et al. “Satellite Elongation into a True ‘Sky-Hook.’” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 11 Feb. 1966, science.sciencemag.org/content/151/3711/682.

    Loff, Sarah. “CubeSats Overview.” NASA, NASA, 22 July 2015, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cubesats/overview/#:~:text=CubeSats%20are%20built%20to%20standard,Deployer%2C%20or%20P%2DPOD.

    “Mario Grossi.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 3 June 1999, www.theguardian.com/news/1999/jun/03/guardianobituaries.

    “Professor Giuseppe Colombo, Italy's Leading Space Scientist and Consultant...” UPI, UPI, 21 Feb. 1984, www.upi.com/Archives/1984/02/21/Professor-Giuseppe-Colombo-Italys-leading-space-scientist-and-consultant/6477446187600/.

    Sabbineni, Tara. “About Our Team.” About MiTEE, clasp-research.engin.umich.edu/groups/s3fl/mitee/about/.

    “Space Tether Missions.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 July 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tether_missions#Proposed_and_future_missions.

    “Space Tether Missions.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 July 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tether_missions#TSS-1_mission.

    TSS-1, NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=TSS-1.

  • Guess what Space Cadets?? We did an interview! Come hang out with us and Operations Control Engineer, Susan Martinez. We talk about everything from school, our love of fashion and of course, Space!

    Susan Martinez
    Instagram: adastrasu

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    Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Travel
    http://www.lesjohnsonauthor.com/books/solar_sails_a_novel_approach_to_interplanetary_travel

    Rescue Mode
    https://www.amazon.com/Rescue-Mode-Ben-Bova/dp/1476736472

    3D printed Eiffel tower time lapse: Plastic
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqQAjkZOBeY

    How it Works: Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiUUZxp7bLQ

    Order of the Engineer:
    https://order-of-the-engineer.org/

    Additive Manufacturing Facility (AMF) on the ISS:
    https://madeinspace.us/capabilities-and-technology/additive-manufacturing-facility/

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • In this week's episode, we shine the spotlight on Lagrange Points! How can you be stationary but be moving at the same time in space? Who discovered Lagrange Points? Why are they useful? Tune in to find out all about them!

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    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Anna's Sources:

    Copper Moon Coffee: https://www.coppermooncoffee.com

    “Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits.” NASA, NASA, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsCatalog/page2.php.

    “Earth Mass.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 June 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass.

    “The Five Lagrange Points.” ESA, www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/05/The_five_Lagrange_points.

    Howell, Elizabeth. “Lagrange Points: Parking Places in Space.” Space.com, Space, 22 Aug. 2017, www.space.com/30302-lagrange-points.html.

    “Lagrange Point.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 June 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point.

    “Lagrange Points -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics.” Scienceworld.wolfram.com, scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/LagrangePoints.html.

    “Orbits and Speed – Higher - Solar System, Stability of Orbital Motions, Satellites - Eduqas - GCSE Physics (Single Science) Revision - Eduqas - BBC Bitesize.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxhr7p3/revision/4

    “Solar Mass.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 June 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass.

    “Telescope.” ESA, www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Planck/Telescope.

    “What Are Lagrange Points?” ESA, www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/What_are_Lagrange_points.

    “What Is a Lagrange Point?” NASA, NASA, solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/754/what-is-a-lagrange-point/.

    “What's the Deal with Lagrange Points?” Quantum Rocketry, 24 Nov. 2012, josephshoer.com/blog/2012/11/whats-the-deal-with-lagrange-points/.

    Henna's Sources:
    “Edmond Halley.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 June 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley.

    Isoperimetric Problems, www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucahmto/latex_html/chapter2_latex2html/node9.html.

    “Joseph Louis Lagrange | A Short Account of the History of Mathematics.” Joseph Louis Lagrange | A Short Account of the History of Mathematics | W.W.
    Rouse Ball | Lit2Go ETC, etc.usf.edu/lit2go/218/a-short-account-of-the-history-of-mathematics/5536/joseph-louis-lagrange/.

    “Leonhard Euler.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 June 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler.

    Nolte, David D. “The Three-Body Problem, Longitude at Sea, and Lagrange's Points.” Galileo Unbound, 7 July 2019, galileo-unbound.blog/2019/07/05/the-three-body-problem-longitude-at-sea-and-lagranges-points/.

    “The Parking Spaces of Space: The Lagrange Points.” YouTube, YouTube, 15 Dec. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LjGgJ4ST60.

  • Hey there space cadets! Grab your coffee (or other beverage of choice) and come hang out with Anna and Henna chat about their favorite things in space (or just in general) right now!

    We have Merch!!
    https://www.butitisrocketscience.com/shop

    Find us on social media!

    Instagram: butitisrocketscience
    Twitter: butitisRS
    Facebook: But it is Rocket Science

    Target Designer Dress Collection:
    https://www.target.com/c/designer-dress-collection/-/N-jub7y

    Dolce de Leche Recipe:
    As a side note, Anna loves this youtube channel.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0ICGYsBL4

    Nasa selects two missions to study Venus:
    https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus/

    Is there life on Venus?
    https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/14/science/venus-life-clouds.html

    Kat Echazarreta

    Instagram:
    https://www.instagram.com/kat_echz/?hl=en

    Youtube:
    https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UJNc_HIf08E6m2l9CDJBA?view_as=subscriber

    Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10350626/

    Good Omens

    Book:
    https://www.amazon.com/Good-Omens-Accurate-Prophecies-Nutter/dp/0060853980

    TV Show:
    https://www.amazon.com/Good-Omens-Season-1/dp/B089XW1Z6Y

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • How much do you know about the different types of Rocket Fuel? Welcome to the second episode of our "Rocket Fuel" series where we cover a classic, Liquid Rocket Propellants!

    We have Merch!!
    https://www.butitisrocketscience.com/shop

    Instagram:
    https://www.instagram.com/butitisrocketscience/?hl=en

    Twitter:
    https://twitter.com/butitisrs?lang=en

    Facebook: https://twitter.com/butitisrs?lang=en

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Henna's Sources:

    Basics of Space Flight: Rocket Propellants, www.braeunig.us/space/propel.htm.

    “Liquid Rocket Propellant.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellant.

    Martinez-Sanchez, Manual. Lecture 20: Combustion of Liquid Propellants . Lecture 20: Combustion of Liquid Propellants .

    Nikischenko, IgorN., et al. “Improving the Performance of LOX/Kerosene Upper Stage Rocket Engines.” Propulsion and Power Research, vol. 6, no. 3, 2017, pp. 157–176., doi:10.1016/j.jppr.2017.07.008.

    Nufer, B. HYPERGOLIC PROPELLANTS: THE HANDLING HAZARDS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM USE. NASA Kennedy Space Center, ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100042352/downloads/20100042352.pdf.

    “PROPELLANTS.” NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/conghand/propelnt.htm.

    “SpaceX Raptor.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor.

    Anna's Sources:

    Clark, John Drury, and Isaac Asimov. “Ignition!: an Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants.” Amazon, Rutgers University Press, 2017, www.amazon.com/Ignition-Informal-Propellants-University-Classics/dp/0813595835

    “Comparison of Orbital Rocket Engines.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_rocket_engines.

    Dunbar, Brian. “Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky.” NASA, NASA, 5 June 2013, www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/konstantin-tsiolkovsky.html.

    Garner, Rob. “Dr. Robert H. Goddard, American Rocketry Pioneer.” NASA, NASA, 11 Feb. 2015, www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/about/history/dr_goddard.html.

    “Isaac Asimov.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov.

    “Liquid Rocket Propellant.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellant.

    “RP-1.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Apr. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-1.

    Salge, Christoph. “Asimov's Laws Won't Stop Robots from Harming Humans, So We've Developed a Better Solution.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 11 July 2017, www.scientificamerican.com/article/asimovs-laws-wont-stop-robots-from-harming-humans-so-weve-developed-a-better-solution/.

    “V-2 Rocket.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket.

  • What ever happened to Pluto? Anna was missing Pluto so we decided to embark on a journey to learn all about the planet that once was... tune in to learn some cool Pluto-related facts, history, and engineering as well as the passionate debate that still exists over its classification!

    We have Merch!!
    https://www.butitisrocketscience.com/shop

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Anna's Sources:
    Cain, Fraser. “How Far Is Mercury from Earth?” Universe Today, 9 Aug. 2016, www.universetoday.com/14165/distance-from-earth-to-mercury/

    Choi, Charles Q. “Dwarf Planet Pluto: Facts About the Icy Former Planet.” Space.com, Space, 14 Nov. 2017, www.space.com/43-pluto-the-ninth-planet-that-was-a-dwarf.html.

    Choi, Charles Q. “Surprise! Pluto May Have Possessed a Subsurface Ocean at Birth.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 23 June 2020, www.scientificamerican.com/article/surprise-pluto-may-have-possessed-a-subsurface-ocean-at-birth.

    Greenfieldboyce, Nell. “Pluto Has White-Capped Mountains, But Not Because There's Snow.” NPR, NPR, 13 Oct. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/10/13/923209728/pluto-has-white-capped-mountains-but-not-because-theres-snow.

    “How Dry Ice Is Made.” CryoCarb, 8 Oct. 2020, cryocarb.com/how-dry-ice-is-made.

    Howell, Elizabeth. “Interesting Facts About Pluto.” Universe Today, 23 Dec. 2015, www.universetoday.com/13872/interesting-facts-about-pluto/.

    “In Depth.” NASA, NASA, 19 Dec. 2019, solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/pluto-moons/charon/in-depth/.

    “In Depth.” NASA, NASA, 19 Dec. 2019, solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/pluto-moons/charon/in-depth/.

    Redd, Nola Taylor. “How Far Away Is Pluto?” Space.com, Space, 20 Feb. 2016, www.space.com/18566-pluto-distance.html.

    Redd, Nola Taylor. “The Kuiper Belt: Objects at the Edge of the Solar System.” Space.com, Space, 30 Apr. 2019, www.space.com/16144-kuiper-belt-objects.html.

    Sharp, Tim. “How Big Is the Moon?” Space.com, Space, 28 Oct. 2017, www.space.com/18135-how-big-is-the-moon.html.

    Pluto with Heart Picture: www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-spacecraft-displays-pluto-s-big-heart-0.

    Pluto/Charon Tidal Lock Gif: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking#/media/File:Pluto-Charon_System.gif

    Henna's Sources:

    “1894.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Apr. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894.

    “1906.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Mar. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906.

    “About the Festival.” I Heart Pluto Festival 2021, iheartpluto.org/about/#history.

    “Elizabeth Langdon Williams.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Langdon_Williams.

    “Percival Lowell.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Apr. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Lowell.

    “Pluto.” NASA, NASA, 15 Feb. 2021, solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/overview/.

    Clearning the NEIGHBORHOOD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgbpEuWkEFI&ab_channel=ParallaxNick
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azbLNSKDQrM&ab_channel=LowellObservatory

    Library of Congress article on the IAU’s decision: https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/astronomy/item/why-is-pluto-no-longer-a-planet/#:~:text=The%20International%20Astronomical%20Union%20(IAU,neighboring%20region%20of%20other%20objects.%E2%80%9D

    “Why Is Pluto No Longer a Planet?” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/astronomy/item/why-is-pluto-no-longer-a-planet/.

  • Hey there space cadets! This episode is a little different! Grab your coffee (or other beverage of choice) and come hang out with Anna and Henna as they answer one of your questions and chat about their favorite things in space right now!

    We have Merch!!
    https://www.butitisrocketscience.com/shop

    Find us on social media!

    Instagram: butitisrocketscience
    Twitter: butitisRS
    Facebook: But it is Rocket Science

    Vanilla Coffee Syrup Recipe:
    https://www.mybakingaddiction.com/homemade-vanilla-coffee-syrup/

    Away:
    https://www.netflix.com/title/80214512
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8787802/

    How the Universe Works: Mission to a Comet
    https://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/how-the-universe-works/full-episodes/mission-to-a-comet

    Mission Mangal:
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9248972/

    he Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • HERA is a mission done by NASA on planet Earth. Tune in to learn about analog missions, why this mission is so important for astronauts and how you can participate!

    We have Merch!!
    https://www.butitisrocketscience.com/shop

    Want to Apply to the HERA project?
    https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/hera

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Anna's Sources:
    Andrianopoulos, Vasileios, et al. “Domains of Cognitive Function.” ResearchGate, Breath, 2017, www.researchgate.net/figure/Major-domains-of-cognitive-function_fig1_316673061.

    Basner, Mathias, et al. “Development and Validation of the Cognition Test Battery for Spaceflight.” Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, vol. 86, no. 11, 2015, pp. 942–952., doi:10.3357/amhp.4343.2015.

    “Hera • Facts and Information on Greek Goddess Hera.” Greek Gods & Goddesses, 7 Feb. 2017, greekgodsandgoddesses.net/goddesses/hera/.
    Mars, Kelli. “About HERA.” NASA, NASA, 26 May 2016, www.nasa.gov/analogs/hera/about.

    Nasrini, Jad, et al. “Cognitive Performance During Confinement and Sleep Restriction in NASA’s Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA).” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 11, 2020, doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00394.

    Henna's Sources:
    “Human Research Program Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) Facility and Capabilities Information.” NASA, ROI - Flight Analogs Human Research Program, July 2019, www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2019_hera_facility_capabilities_information.pdf.

    Mars, Kelli. “About Analog Missions.” NASA, NASA, 17 Feb. 2016, www.nasa.gov/analogs/what-are-analog-missions.

  • The Perseverance Mars rover landed safely! Do you know how they did it? Listen up and learn all about the craziness that is the skycrane! WE HAVE MERCH! Check it out on our website ButItIsRocketScience.comYou're Wrong About: https://yourewrongabout.com/Maintenance Phase: http://maintenancephase.com/Perseverance Landing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4czjS9h4FpgMusic from filmmusic.io"Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Anna's Sources:Administrator, NASA Content. “Curiosity's Sky Crane Maneuver, Artist's Concept.” NASA, NASA, 8 Oct. 2015, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/gallery/pia14839.html.Betz, Eric. “The Skycrane: How NASA's Perseverance Rover Will Land on Mars.” Astronomy.com, 18 Feb. 2021, astronomy.com/news/2021/02/skycrane-how-perseverance-will-land-on-mars.Coulter, Dauna. “Strange but True: Curiosity's Sky Crane.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 31 July 2012, phys.org/news/2012-07-strange-true-curiosity-sky-crane.html.“Curiosity's Skycrane Maneuver.” The Planetary Society, www.planetary.org/space-images/curiositys-skycrane-maneuver.“How Curiosity Will Land on Mars, Part 1: Entry.” The Planetary Society, www.planetary.org/articles/06221711-how-curiosity-land-part-1.“How Curiosity Will Land on Mars, Part 2: Descent.” The Planetary Society, www.planetary.org/articles/06290700-how-curiosity-land-part-2.“How Curiosity Will Land on Mars, Part 3: Skycrane and Landing.” The Planetary Society, www.planetary.org/articles/07060700-how-curiosity-land-part-3.“Watch Online: TV Schedule.” NASA, NASA, mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/landing/watch-online/.Henna's Sources:Berger, By Brian. “Helicopter Inspires NASA's Mars Lander.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 29 Nov. 2006, www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15953785. Betz, Eric. “The Skycrane: How NASA's Perseverance Rover Will Land on Mars.” Astronomy.com, 18 Feb. 2021, astronomy.com/news/2021/02/skycrane-how-perseverance-will-land-on-mars. “Mars Exploration Rovers.” NASA, NASA, 7 Sept. 2019, mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-exploration-rovers/. “Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-64_Skycrane. “The Sky Crane Solution.” NASA, NASA, appel.nasa.gov/2012/07/31/the-sky-crane-solution/#:~:text=The%20novel%20solution%20the%20MSL,essentially%20hover%20as%20it%20lowers. “The Sky Crane Solution.” NASA, NASA, appel.nasa.gov/2012/07/31/the-sky-crane-solution/#:~:text=The%20novel%20solution%20the%20MSL,essentially%20hover%20as%20it%20lowers. “Strange but True: Curiosity's Sky Crane.” NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/30jul_skycrane. “Viking 1 & 2.” NASA, NASA, 7 Sept. 2019, mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/viking-1-2/.

  • What is space junk? Space is so big, why is it a problem?? We'd love for you to join us as we discuss space debris and its fascinating history. Tune in to learn more!

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Henna's Sources:
    “ARES.” NASA, NASA, www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/reentry/.

    “ESA Commissions World's First Space Debris Removal.” ESA, www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Clean_Space/ESA_commissions_world_s_first_space_debris_removal.

    Garcia, Mark. “Space Debris and Human Spacecraft.” NASA, NASA, 14 Apr. 2015, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html.

    Jessica DuronioMonday, November 16, and Jessica Duronio is a second-year graduate student at The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs. “The Need for US Leadership in Remediating Space Debris.” The Space Review: The Need for US Leadership in Remediating Space Debris, www.thespacereview.com/article/4068/1.

    Keeter, Bill. “Space Debris.” NASA, NASA, 5 Dec. 2018, www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/library/find/bibliographies/space_debris.

    Matignon, Louis de Gouyon. “The Kessler Syndrome and Space Debris.” Space Legal Issues, 18 June 2019, www.spacelegalissues.com/space-law-the-kessler-syndrome/.

    Matignon, Louis de Gouyon. “The Legal Status of Space Debris.” Space Legal Issues, 3 Aug. 2019, www.spacelegalissues.com/the-legal-status-of-space-debris/.

    Anna's Sources:
    “2007 Chinese Anti-Satellite Missile Test.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test.

    “Anti-Satellite Weapon.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon.

    Broad, William J. “Radioactive Debris in Space Threatens Satellites in Use.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 26 Feb. 1995, www.nytimes.com/1995/02/26/world/radioactive-debris-in-space-threatens-satellites-in-use.html?pagewanted=all.

    “Chernobyl Disaster.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster.

    “China's Anti-Satellite Test.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-anti-satellite-test.

    Coldewey, Devin. “FCC Updates Orbital Debris Rules for the First Time since 2004.” TechCrunch, TechCrunch, 23 Apr. 2020, techcrunch.com/2020/04/23/fcc-updates-orbital-debris-rules-for-the-first-time-since-2004/.

    “Combined Space Operations Center.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Oct. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Space_Operations_Center.
    “Fengyun.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengyun.

    Harrington, Rebecca. “Dozens of Dead Nuclear Reactors Are Floating in Space, and They'll Eventually Hit the Earth.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 10 Mar. 2016, www.businessinsider.com/nuclear-powered-satellites-space-2016-3.

    “International Space Station.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station.

    Keeter, Bill. “Space Debris.” NASA, NASA, 5 Dec. 2018, www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/library/find/bibliographies/space_debris.

    “Kosmos 954.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_954.

    “List of Space Debris Producing Events.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_debris_producing_events.

    Michael ListnerMonday, February 13, et al. “Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 Three Years Later: Where Are We Now?” The Space Review: Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 Three Years Later: Where Are We Now?, www.thespacereview.com/article/2023/1.

    Secure World Foundation. 2009 Iridium Cosmos Collision Fact Sheet. swfound.org/media/6575/swf_iridium_cosmos_collision_fact_sheet_updated_2012.pdf.

    “Truly Global Communications.” Iridium Satellite Communications, www.iridium.com/.

  • How much do you know about the different types of Rocket Fuel? Are solid rocket motors really solid? Welcome to the first episode of our "Rocket Fuel" series!

    Note from Anna: Love Island does not really take place on a island. My apologies to anyone who was mislead by this information. I am also not proud of the fact that I watch this show.

    Music from filmmusic.io
    "Tyrant" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    License: CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

    Anna's Sources:

    Basics of Space Flight: Rocket Propellants, www.braeunig.us/space/propel.htm.

    “PROPELLANTS.” NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/conghand/propelnt.htm.

    Rao, B. Nageswara. “Fracture of Solid Rocket Propellant Grains.” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 43, no. 3, 17 Sept. 1991, pp. 455–459., doi:10.1016/s0013-7944(92)90113-S.

    Richard Nakka's Experimental Rocketry Site, www.nakka-rocketry.net/impcalc.html.

    “Rocket Propulsion.” NASA, NASA, www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/rocket.

    “SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS.” NASA, NASA, science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/srb.html.

    “Solid Rocket Engine.” NASA, NASA, www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/srockth.html.

    “Solid-Propellant Rocket.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket.

    “Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster#Segment_cases.

    Henna's Sources:

    Chaturvedi, Shalini, and Pragnesh N. Dave. “Solid Propellants: AP/HTPB Composite Propellants.” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 8, Dec. 2019, pp. 2061–2068., doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.033.

    DeLuca, Luigi T. “Highlights of Solid Rocket Propulsion History.” Chemical Rocket Propulsion, 2016, pp. 1015–1032., doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27748-6_42.

    “Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene.

    “ISRO Successfully Launches India's 42nd Communication Satellite CMS-01: The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel.” The Weather Channel, weather.com/en-IN/india/space/news/2020-12-17-isro-successfully-launches-indias-42nd-communication-satellite.

    “JATO.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 9 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO.

    Klager, K., and J.m. Wrightson. “RECENT ADVANCES IN SOLID PROPELLANT BINDER CHEMISTRY.” Mechanics and Chemistry of Solid Propellants, Pergamon, 27 June 2014, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781483198378500107.

    “M-V.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-V.

    “Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle.

    “Solid-Propellant Rocket.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket#Double-base_(DB)_propellants.

    Solon, Olivia. “Occultist Father of Rocketry 'Written out' of Nasa's History.” WIRED UK, WIRED UK, 4 Oct. 2017, www.wired.co.uk/article/jpl-jack-parsons.