Avsnitt

  • During Lydon Johnson’s 4 years in office, his administration shepherded through: The Civil Rights Act, The Voting Rights Act, The Economic Opportunity Act, Upward Bound, The Job Corps, Head Start, Community Action Agencies, The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Medicare and Medicaid, The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities, The Corporation for Public Broadcasting, PBS, and NPR, The Urban Mass Transportation Act, Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act, The Motor Vehicle Safety Act, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, The Child Safety Act of 1966, The Water Quality Act, The Housing and Urban Development Act, The Fair Labor Standards Act, and many many other programs designed to eliminate poverty in America.

    By eliminating poverty, he didn’t only mean financial poverty, yet this isn’t to say that LBJ ignored the economics at all. You might recall from our first episode Johnson saying, "This administration here and now declares unconditional war on poverty in America.” But we still see poverty in America today, so does that mean the war on poverty failed?

    In this episode, we’ll look at the legacies of the Great Society, the War on Poverty, and LBJ’s Presidency. And we’ll ask, what did the policies that came out of his administration mean for the American Safety Net and why aren‘t more people aware of LBJ’s social policy legacy?

    Special thanks to our guests for this episode, Erine Gray, Guian McKee, Martha Baily, Julian Zelizer, Mark Updegrove, H.W. Brands, and Robert Caro.

    Thank you as well to The Miller Center at the University of Virginia, The American Presidency Project at The University of California Santa Barbara, The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, and The LBJ Presidential Library and Museum in Austin Texas for their consultation and use of archived materials.

    Michael Zapruder arranged and composed the music for this show, and played guitar, with Jeff Olsen on drums, Mike St. Clair on bass, and Sam Lipman on keyboards.

    Executive Producer, Rebecca McInroy.

    Advising Editor, Jim Tuttle

    Intern, Frances Cutter

  • Here we are in the third episode of our 4 episode season looking at how Lyndon Johnson, by passing the civil rights bill on July 2nd, 1964, and The Economic Opportunity Act on Aug. 20th, 1964, is continuing the work of Franklin Roosevelt, and doing it as a sort of interim president before he is elected in his own right in November of 1964.

    An election he’s nervous about, an election that could find him out of politics altogether with an enormous amount of work undone and with no clear path to power within reach. One of the biggest goals left undone by FDR and through the terms of Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy, is that of passing a comprehensive healthcare bill for the poor and elderly.

    In this episode, we explore Medicare’s tenuous, and little-known road to realization and the masterminds behind its conception.

    Special thanks to our guests for this episode, Erine Gray, Guian McKee, Melody Barnes, Julian Zelizer, Mark Updegrove, and Robert Caro.

    Thank you as well to The Miller Center at the University of Virginia, The American Presidency Project at The University of California Santa Barbara, The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, and The LBJ Presidential Library and Museum in Austin Texas for their consultation and use of archived materials.

    Michael Zapruder arranged and composed the music for this show, and played guitar, with Jeff Olsen on drums, Mike St. Clair on bass, and Sam Lipman on keyboards.

    Executive Producer, Rebecca McInroy.

    Advising Editor, Jim Tuttle

    Intern, Frances Cutter

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  • It’s the summer of 1964 and Lyndon Johnson has just signed the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It was a continuation of the proposal of John F. Kennedy and LBJ found a way to make it happen, but when it came to the safety net Johnson’s vision encompassed far greater legislation.

    From healthcare to education, unemployment to the media, the arts, and beyond; and much of that work, as we touched on in the last episode, he began under FDR.

    By this time LBJ had been a part of the US government for over 25 years with one goal, to become president of the United States. So 1964 after he’s become president following the assassination of John Kennedy, he now had to run for office on his own, and everything he’d worked for was on the line.

    President Johnson needed to make his mark and form a foundation that was truly his. Although, as we’ll explore in later episodes, he is remembered for another war, it was the War on Poverty that he was willing to wager his presidency on.

    One of the most unique pieces of the war on poverty was Community Action. Community Action Programs or CAPS turned out to be one of the most controversial parts of the war on poverty and simultaneously one of the most revolutionary. The programs were controlled at the local level and the power was in the hands of the people who needed the resources.

    In this episode, we will pull apart the fine details of the Economic Opportunity Act, and hear some conversations that illustrate the tension and the steaks of creating some of the most revolutionary safety net programs of the 20th century. We’ll talk about why the war on poverty and programs like Community Action, Job Corps, and Head Start were so important to LBJ as a person and as president, we’ll talk about the compromises it took to create and pass this legislation, and we’ll explore the impact of programs like the Job Corps had on people like heavyweight boxing champion George Foreman.

    Special thanks to our guests for this episode, Erine Gray, Guian McKee, Andrew R. Smith, Melody Barnes, and Robert Caro. And thank you as well to The Miller Center at the University of Virginia, The American Presidency Project at The University of California Santa Barbara, and The LBJ Presidential Library and Museum in Austin Texas for their consultation and use of archived materials.

    Michael Zapruder arranged and composed the music for this show, and played guitar, with Jeff Olsen on drums, Mike St. Clair on bass, and Sam Lipman on keyboards.

    Executive Producer, Rebecca McInroy.

    Advising Editor, Jim Tuttle

    Intern, Frances Cutter

  • When we left off last season FDR’s New Deal and the end of WWII meant America was out of the Great Depression. But in 1960 people were waking from dreams of Earth Angels and Chantilly Lace to times that were changing. The Civil Rights movement, The Women's Movement, and Anti-war protests were drawing attention and building momentum.

    Longer nightly news broadcasts meant Americans were seeing more and gaining consciousness of what life was like not only overseas, but right in their own backyards.

    People were seeing what it meant to be black in America and to be poor in America. Popular culture, especially music, reflected this, in folk music and protest songs like Odetta’s Oh Freedom, in Bob Dylan’s “Oxford Town” Nina Simone’s “Mississippi Goddam,” and in jazz like John Coltrane’s “Alabama.” These recordings brought the injustices of American life into the public consciousness in a new way.

    So on November 22, 1963, when the 35th president of the United States John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, and Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson assumed the role of president of the United States and wasted no time getting to work on continuing the legacy of not only Kennedy but of FDR. And creating a series of programs that he hoped would define his legacy as well.

    In May of 1964, 6 months before he would be elected president of the US in a landslide victory. President Johnson laid out his vision for The Great Society in a speech at the University of Michigan.

    And this was no pie-in-the-sky hyperbole. Johnson was the architect of the continuation of the safety net through the great society and that meant. Passing the civil rights bill was crucial for Johnson, not only because he was continuing Kennedy’s legacy, but because it was a foundational piece of his Great Society and the American Safety Net.

    But who was LBJ? What motivated his keen focus on domestic policy, poverty, civil rights, healthcare, and education, especially at a time when the Cold War was heating up and the war in Vietnam was on everyone’s hearts, minds, and TVs?

    In this episode we explore Lyndon Baines Johnson the man and the president with Pulitzer Prizing-winning biographer Robert Caro, we hear conversations between LBJ with Martin Luther King Jr. and we get a better understanding of the context and the consequences of this monumental moment in American history.

    Special thanks to our other guests for this episode H.W. Brands, Julian Zelizer, and Erine Gray, and to The Miller Center at the University of Virginia, The American Presidency Project at The University of California Santa Barbara, and The LBJ Presidential Library and Museum in Austin Texas for their consultation and use of archived materials.

    Michael Zapruder arranged and composed the music for this show, and played guitar, with Jeff Olsen on drums, Mike St. Clair on bass, and Sam Lipman on keyboards.

    Executive Producer, Rebecca McInroy.

    Advising Editor, Jim Tuttle

    Intern, Frances Cutter

  • In season 1 of American Compassion we went back to the turn of the last century to explore poverty and wealth, philanthropy and charity, work, health and politics, and policy at a time when the idea of a safety net was just a dream, and we dove deep into what and who it took to make those dreams a reality. From Workplace safety to fair labor standards and child labor laws, to the New Deal, and with all that we merely scratched the surface of the complex history of the American safety net.

    In season 2 we continue in our exploration of the safety net from The New Deal to The Great Society.

    When President Lydon Baines Johnson laid out his vision for the Great Society at The University of Michigan on May 22, 1964, he said, “Your imagination, your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time, we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society but upward to the Great Society.”

    But what does it mean to be a Great Society? For Johnson, it meant elevating the quality of life for all Americans by not only continuing the work of Franklin Roosevelt on the American Safety Net but also expanding the idea of the safety net itself. Even before Johnson was elected to office in 1964 he passed the Civil Rights bill after assuming the office of president following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and during his first year in office, he shepherded through the Economic Opportunity Act and Medicare and Medicaid.

    In Season 2 of American Compassion, we explore not only what programs and legislation Johnson created to build the safety net we have today, but we delve into why LBJ was so committed to civil rights, education, economic opportunity, and so much more through archived recordings, speeches, and through Johnson’s biography with Pulitzer Prize-winning author known for his biographies of Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert Caro.

    Other guests include biographers, economists, policy advisors, and historians, H.W. Brands, Julian Zelizer, Guian Mckee, Mark Updegrove, Martha Baily, Andrew R. Smith, Melody Barnes, and Erine Gray.

  • Compromise is at the heart of almost every aspect of life. From what our family wants for dinner, to what subjects are taught in our schools, to what is included in, and left out of, congressional legislation. Yet, sometimes it seems like a “winner takes all” mentality is taking over. Many social media feeds, television shows, and podcasts glorify the winners and prompt accomplishment over compromise, and overwhelmingly our legislative process reflects this as well. In this atmosphere, it’s hard to make progress toward a more comprehensive and effective safety net.

    So far in our series on the American Safety Net, we’ve examined wealth and poverty at the turn of the last century. We talked about what it meant to be poor without a safety net, and where those in need found housing, food, work, and a sense of safety and well-being. We talked about the role of government, philanthropy, and charity and we met Frances Perkins, and Franklin Roosevelt, two people who were integral in the shaping of the first American safety net--The New Deal.

    In our final episode of season 1, we explore what compromises were made in order to get the New Deal through. We talk about how a grand vision for universal healthcare was scrapped, how cradle-to-grave social security was whittled down, and how bending on certain elements of the safety net created generational loss that is felt to this day.

    Yet, we also discuss how monumental the New Deal was to America. It stabilized an American economic system that was in freefall during the Great Depression; it put people back to work; it instilled faith in the American government, and it restored hope in a people who had been crushed by poor working conditions, poverty, starvation, and insecurity. And still, Frances Perkins glumly appraised the accomplishments as but a few, “practical, flat-footed first steps.”

    Join hosts Rebecca McInroy and Michael Zapruder and guests, Erine Gray, H.W. Brands, Robin D.G. Kelley, Tom Philpott, Mike Konzcle, Willow Lung-Amam, Marshall Auerbach, Penny Coleman, and David Kennedy, as we explore this complicated and rich history and what it can teach us today.

  • The third episode of American Compassion dives into the story of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, exploring who he was and focusing on how FDR, born to wealth and privilege, arrived at the empathetic outlook that guided and in many ways defined his presidency.

    We investigate how small events allowed FDR to avoid dictatorship at a time when dictatorship was seen as a viable, even desirable response to the economic crises. And we tell the story of how by chance, by character, and by will, FDR and his administration, in their response to The Great Depression, also saved Democracy itself.

    Through the incredible story of FDR’s first 100 days in office, we show how the ideas of the New Deal and how the ideals of a collective social democracy were laced throughout all the New Deal programs, creating a new vision of America and its compassionate structures.

    To tell these stories, we are joined by: Erine Gray, CEO of Findhelp.org; Jonathan Alter, author of, "The Defining Moment FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope;" historian and biographer H.W. Brands, author of "American Colossus: the triumph of capitalism;" scholar Dana Cloud, author of "Reality Bites: Rhetoric and the Circulation of Truth Claims in U.S. Political Culture ;" and historical geographer and author Gray Brechin, founder project scholar of The Living New Deal at UC Berkeley.

  • In the second episode of American Compassion, we turn to the story of how the core elements of our safety net began to come together in the lives and minds of Theodore Roosevelt and - especially - in the transformational and criminally-overlooked work of Frances Perkins.

    With historian H.W. Brands, author Kirstin Downey, and Erine Gray as our guides - and with Archival Audio of Frances Perkins herself - we go back to the fateful day in March 1911 when thirty-one-year-old Frances Perkins happened to witness the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Just as Erine Gray’s conversion experience in Manhattan on September 11, 2001, inspired him to focus on public policy, Frances Perkins’s experience on that day inspired her to work toward prototypical safety net elements like workplace safety codes and fire regulations.

    From there, considering the complex context of life in America in the early 20th Century, we follow Frances Perkins’ life and work all the way through her transformational success in building compassionate structures into the American system. To name a few things for which we have Frances Perkins to thank, consider Social Security, unemployment insurance, the 40-hour workweek, the minimum wage, overtime pay, Federal Housing assistance which helps people buy houses with low down payments, the National Labor Relations Act which gave workers the right to organize, oh and also public works projects like the Lincoln Tunnel, the highway through the Florida Keys, and the Blue Ridge Parkway.

    The Woman Behind The New Deal

  • In 1929, the booming prosperity of the flapper era vanished in the wake of a catastrophic stock market crash. Banks failed, and millions of people lost their life’s savings. Poverty rates soared, and a ten-year depression crippled towns across the globe, setting the stage for the second world war.

    But what if poverty wasn’t just a result of sudden economic upheaval? Before the Great Depression, many Americans, including children, labored under grueling conditions for 12-15 hours a day. Work came with risks—threatening workers’ safety, and even their lives. At a time when debt could lead to a prison sentence, most people had little choice but to work to survive.

    What if the tale of poverty devouring Americans’ wealth overnight is a myth—or only half the story? In the first episode of the American Compassion podcast, we uncover the lives of the many Americans who never lived in avant-garde mansions or purchased opulent yachts. Most Americans didn’t lose the American dream in the Depression era, since it had always failed to catch them when they fell deeper into poverty.

    Our story begins with Erine Gray’s inspiration to rebuild the American Safety Net. We’ll start in the early 2000s, before turning back the clock to the early 20th-century to explore how profound changes in technology, communication, farming, and industrialization reshaped the ways that people thought about wealth, poverty, and how to catch Americans in freefall.

    Brief Backstory

    Americans born in the 1840s and 1850s would experience rapid changes in the course of their lives. During their lifetime, kerosene lamps replaced candles; and electric light bulbs replaced kerosene. Steam-powered locomotives, electric trolleys, and gasoline-powered automobiles replaced horsepower. And the Wright Brothers were hard at work on a flying machine.

    By 1900 cities became lit up with bright lights, films, and radio. Even time itself was changing. Americans were disengaging from seasonal work rhythms, exchanging nature’s cycles for factory schedules. As the Industrial Revolution grew, the telephone and telegraph revolutionized communication, and high-speed transit revolutionized Americans’ sense of geography. Both required a reevaluation of time in order to synchronize an increasingly connected world of industrial trade and transportation. In 1865, the US train system had 75 different time zones; by 1918, the government reduced American mainland time zones to four.

    All along, the rich were getting a lot richer. John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust dominated the world's petroleum markets and soon controlled more than 90 percent of the nation's refinery capacity. And Andrew Carnegie’s steel mills earned him millions.

    But desperation belied the affluence of the Gilded Age. While Rockefeller and Carnegie’s fortunes grew, a new definition of poverty was emerging. Workers were tied to their labor, including children as young as 8 years old. For some of the 15 million people who immigrated to America between 1910-1915, coming to the United States meant being able to determine their own destiny. Yet for others, like many who were born in America, it meant being shackled to life-threatening labor.

    Join executive producer Rebecca McInroy, historian H.W. Brands, historian, and journalist Marvin Olasky, and farmer, journalist, and agricultural writer Tom Philpott as we begin the story of the American Safety Net.

    Resources

    T. R.: The Last Romantic by H.W. Brands

    Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt by H.W. Brands

    Perilous Bounty: The Looming Collapse of American Farming and How We Can Prevent It by Tom Philpott

    The Tragedy of American Compassion by Marvin Olasky

    The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950 by Vanessa Ogle

    Recordings From The Dust Bowl

    Findhelp.org